<p>Hart Crag is a fell in the English Lake District, being one of the Fairfield group of hills in the Eastern Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell stands on the ridge running south east from Fairfield to Dove Crag, at the point where a long subsidiary spur sweeps off to the north east. This is Hartsop above How and, although in reality part of Hart Crag, was treated as a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. That convention is also followed here.</p><br>
<p>Being at the meeting point of three ridges, Hart Crag also has a share in three valleys. Despite forming a part of the headwall in each case, the fell is not the true head of any of them. West of the summit runs the long and unfrequented valley of Rydal Beck. This flows almost due south for 3 miles, finally emptying into the River Rothay at Rydal village. The slopes of Rydal Head below Hart Crag are steep, but reasonably free of outcropping rock.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Hart Crag is Link Cove. This is a hanging valley, discharging via waterfalls into upper Deepdale. Deepdale Beck in turn runs north east to join other streams bound for Ullswater. The main faces of Hart Crag lie on this side, presenting a fine prospect from St Sunday Crag and other fells to the north. Dovedale is the third valley, running broadly eastward and separated from Deepdale by the Hartsop Above How ridge. Immediately below Hart Crag is Houndshope Cove, a high level corrie in upper Dovedale.</p><br>
<p>The ridge to Fairfield starts north-westward as far as the saddle of Link Hause (2,450 ft). This is the geographical link between Rydale and Link Cove, but there is no practicable walkers&#39; route from one to the other. Beyond here the ridge mounts a rocky step (the end of Scrubby Crag) and then turns westward onto the widening grassy top of Fairfield.</p><br>
<p>Dove Crag to the south-east is reached across the unnamed col between Houndshope Cove and Rydale. A stone wall runs along the majority of the ridge, providing an aid to route-finding in poor conditions. The Hartsop Above How ridge starts indistinctly from the summit of Hart Crag, a descent across a wide area of rough ground being made before a discernible ridgeline materialises.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Hart Crag has a covering of rock with rich turf showing through. Two cairns mark the ends of a short ridge running along the top, with other cairns giving guidance to the viewpoints for Deepdale and Dovedale. The highest point is at the south-eastern end of the summit area, a little to the west of the main path. The view is good westward to the Scafells and also toward the Far Eastern Fells, but Fairfield and Dove Crag obscure much of the District.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Hart Crag is most commonly climbed as part of the Fairfield horseshoe. This popular fellwalk makes a circuit of Rydale, claiming 8 Wainwrights over a distance of 10 miles. Starting at Bridgend, Hartsop Above How provides another means of indirect access.</p><br>
<p>A number of direct ascents are also possible. Rydale can be followed to its head from where the steep climb out of the valley leads to the summit. Alternatively an approach can be made along Deepdale, skirting the worst of the bogs, and climbing onto the Hartsop Above How ridge from the lower part of Link Cove. Dovedale and Houndshope Cove provide a third possibility.</p><br>
<p>Norman Island, an oceanic island, is located approximately 4 km west of Picnic Point, Wilsons Promontory in Victoria, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The island, to the mean low-water mark, is part of the Wilsons Promontory National Park and is proclaimed as a Remote and Natural Area under the National Parks Act. The surrounding waters to a distance of 300 m from the mean low-water mark are part of Wilsons Promontory Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of the Wilsons Promontory Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after Captain William Henry Norman, who brought Sir Charles Hotham to Melbourne in Queen of the South in 1854, and later served as commander of HMVS Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Wazee Lake is a lake east of Black River Falls, Wisconsin, in the town of Brockway, Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. The name "Wazee" means "tall pine" in the Ho-Chunk language. The artificial lake is the deepest lake within the state of Wisconsin, with a maximum depth of approximately 355 ft. The man-made lake was formed after the site was used as a quarry for taconite mining between the mid-1960s through April 1983. The quarry produced about 850,000 tons of taconite pellets each year. The mine closed in 1983 as a result of a crash of the domestic steel markets in the United States. When the mine was in operation, pumps removed about 800 USgal of water per minute from the quarry. Once these pumps were shut down, the quarry began filling with water.</p><br>
<p>The lake is now part of a county park known as Wazee Lake Recreation Area. The lake is a prime scuba diving destination because of its deep, clear water. Visibility averages between 30 ft and 40 ft during the summer months. There are also visible remains of mining operations underwater, such as roadways used for hauling equipment. Some features have been added to the lake, such as underwater platforms for training divers and fish cribs to improve habitat for the fish. Fish species within the lake include rainbow, brook, and brown trout, bluegills, suckers, catfish, walleye, warmouth, and smallmouth bass.</p><br>
<p>Ralphs Bay is a body of water in south-east Tasmania, Australia. It is surrounded by the Tranmere and South Arm Peninsulas. Sea access to the bay is from the River Derwent.</p><br>
<p>Ralphs Bay is a shallow, windy bay, situated on the south-east of the Derwent Estuary, about 12 kilometres from the south-east of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. The bay is sheltered by the low, grassy hills of Droughty Point to the north-west and the spit of South Arm and Opossum Bay to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The red-necked stint migrates from Siberia every year and most of the birds, which do that, find themselves in Ralphs Bay. It is also an important area for the spotted handfish. They are critically endangered and, because of the pollution in the River Derwent, live in majority at Ralphs Bay and its surrounding waters.</p><br>
<p>The bay is part of the South Arm Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for the conservation of pied oystercatchers and of the migratory waders, or shorebirds, of the East Asian – Australasian Flyway.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Since 2004 Ralphs Bay has been the focus of a local development debate. Walker Corporation had planned a major development in the bay near Lauderdale. The proposal included a canal development and a marina, to be known as "Lauderdale Quay". It met strong opposition from the local community which was concerned that the development would destroy native wildlife habitat in the area and reduce public access to the foreshore.</p><br>
<p>On 22 October 2009 the Tasmanian Planning Commission released its Draft Integrated Assessment Report which highlighted significant planning issues that seem to indicate that approval will not be given for the proposal. On 23 June 2010 the Greens announced the legal confirmation of the Ralphs Bay Conservation Area as being 171 hectares and therefore preventing proposed canal housing estates.</p><br>
<p>Cathey Peak is a peak in the Sacramento Mountains, in the south-central part of the US State of New Mexico. It lies in Otero County, 10 mi southeast of the community of Alamogordo.</p><br>
<p>Sacramento Peak, at 9,262 ft, is a nearby subpeak of Cathey Peak, and is more widely known due to the presence of several observatories on or near its summit. It is located at {{coord|32.7878701|-105.8208140|format=dms|region:US-NM_type:mountain_source:GNIS|display=inline|name=Sacramento Peak}}, 1.6 mi southwest of Cathey Peak, and has a topographic prominence of approximately 80 ft. One of the two locations of the National Solar Observatory is on the summit itself, and the small town of Sunspot is less than one-half mile (0.8 km) to the northeast. The Apache Point Observatory is located on a promontory about one-half mile (0.8 km) south of the summit,</p><br>
<p>and a cosmic ray observatory lies just over a mile (1.6 km) to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Both peaks lie on the high western crest of the Sacramento Mountains, and hence have gentle, forested eastern slopes, and a steep, high escarpment to the west, descending to the Tularosa Basin. Both peaks can be accessed using New Mexico Scenic Byway 6563 from Cloudcroft.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese Pavilion , located in the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace park, is a Chinese-inspired royal pavilion originally built between 1753–1769. The pavilion is currently one of Sweden&#39;s Royal Palaces and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>The first building</h2><br>
<p>The first building was a simple pavilion with two wings in Chinese style. The buildings were prefabricated at Arsenalsgatan in Stockholm. They were made in the log cabin technique and shipped to Drottningholm where they were assembled. The architects were probably Carl Hårleman and Carl Johan Cronstedt. Everything was finished and in place in time for Queen Lovisa Ulrika&#39;s birthday on 24July 1753. The pavilion was a surprise gift to the Queen from King Adolf Frederick. At the presentation, she received the gold key to the castle from the young Crown Prince Gustav (later King Gustav III), seven years old, dressed as a Chinese mandarin.</p><br>
<p>In a letter to her mother, Queen Sophia Dorothea of Prussia, the Queen wrote:</p><br>
<p>Having been built in haste and secrecy, the small castle did not endure the harsh Swedish climate. After ten years, rot had begun to attack the wooden frame and the king and queen commissioned Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz to create a new and bigger pavilion made from more durable materials.</p><br>
<h2>The second building</h2><br>
<p>1 The Chinese Pavilion, main building</p><br>
<p>2 The west wing (The Silver Chamber)</p><br>
<p>3 The east wing (The Billiard)</p><br>
<p>4 King Adolf Frederick&#39;s studio</p><br>
<p>5 The Confidense</p><br>
<p>6 The kitchen ( a summer café)</p><br>
<p>7 The garden</p><br>
<p>8 Living quarters (demolished)</p><br>
<p>9 och 10 The aviary (The Volière) and bowers</p><br>
<p>The second and current structure replaced the old wooden pavilion from 1753. Designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, construction began in 1763 and was completed in 1769.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The royal court’s chief supervisor, Jean Eric Rehn, led the interior design work. The architecture is essentially rococo and was intended to have an exotic character, containing Chinese elements, which were considered the height of fashion at the time.</p><br>
<p>The rooms of the Pavilion are full of luxury items brought to Sweden from China by the Swedish East India Company: porcelain, silk, lacquers, etc. China had become a mythic land, a paradise, a fascination, to Swedes and every nobleman wanted to have a Chinese room or just some objects to get a glimpse of this fabled, but to Europeans, forbidden land.</p><br>
<p>The walls in the Yellow Room are covered with Chinese lacquered panels, at the time a fascinating technique since no parallel craft existed in Europe. The panels depict relations between Asia and Europe in the 1700s. The motifs are scenes from Canton (now known as Guangzhou) by the Pearl River and the European Thirteen Factories separated from the city by double walls.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior and garden</h3><br>
<p>The wings are connected to the main building by a series of curved rooms. Lacquer-red walls used for the facade and the sculptural ornamentation show good knowledge of Chinese buildings, but the structure of the building is characterized as clearly European. The interior is among the foremost in Swedish rococo design.</p><br>
<p>There are four houses, also in Chinese style, just north of the pavilion. The east one, northeast of the pavilion, is called The Billiard. It used to house a billiard table which is now gone. Instead, two of King Adolf Fredericks lathes are on display together with tools from the lathe chamber. The house to the west, northwest of the pavilion, is known as The Silver Chamber.</p><br>
<p>A bit further north, resting on a high base, is the Adolf Frederick&#39;s Studio (to the right) and the Confidance (to the left). The Confidance is a dining room building where the tables (dining and serving table) are fixed on a lift device. The tables were set on the floor below the royal dining room and on a given signal they were hoisted up through the floor. This meant that the royals could eat their dinner without the presence of servants, en confidance (French for "in confidence"). North of The Confidance is the old kitchen. it houses a café in the summers. In the park east of the Chinese Pavilion is a pagoda-like gazebo called The Volière (French for aviary).</p><br>
<p>The Pavilion underwent exterior renovations in 1927–1928, 1943–1955 and an interior in 1959–1968. Another thorough restoration of the exterior was made in 1989–1996.</p><br>
<h2>The Chinese pagoda</h2><br>
<p>During the reign of King Gustav III, plans were made for a Chinese pagoda on the Flora Hill just east of the Chinese Pavilion. The project, as with most of King&#39;s ideas for buildings within the English garden, were never realized because of the assassination of the King. All the elements necessary for a royal English style pleasure garden were already present in 1781, when Fredrik Magnus Piper drew up the plans for the park. These included streams, bridges, knolls, sloping lawns (French: pelouse) and several small pavilions and gazebos in different styles.</p><br>
<p>In Pipers 1797 land use plan, one extension to the north was to contain a cave with canals and cascades, a small lake with bridges and walking paths, and a Turkish pavilion. To the east of the Chinese Pavilion at Flora Hill a Chinese pagoda would act as a connecting pont de vue (endpoint in a line of sight) between the Chinese quarter and the English Garden across Tessins strict baroque garden.</p><br>
<h2>Burglary</h2><br>
<p>On 6August 2010, at 2:00 am, burglars broke into the Chinese Pavilion via the double doors at the back of the house. Once inside, they broke three showcases and stole a number of objects. The alarm system worked but the entire burglary took just six minutes. The collection at the Chinese Pavilion consists of, among other things, Chinese clay figurines, porcelain dolls, urns, lacquer furniture and other art pieces from China dating to 1753. The Royal Court have confirmed that the permanent state collection was on display at the time of the break-in. The pieces are considered priceless. The thieves fled from the pavilion on a moped which was found by the Mälaren lake. The police suspected that the thieves left by boat and that the robbery had been specially commissioned. It was the first time the Chinese Pavilion had been burgled.</p><br>
<p>The stolen objects were: a small Japanese lacquered box on a stand, a sculpture in green soapstone, a red lacquered chalice with a lid, a chalice carved from a rhinoceros horn, a small blackened, bronze teapot and a plate made of musk wood. Several other pieces were damaged during the break-in. Detailed descriptions and photos of the stolen items can be found at the referenced link., none of the stolen objects has been recovered and no arrests have been made.</p><br>
<h2>Kantongatan</h2><br>
<p>The Kanton community is also considered one of the models for the Swedish garden city., all the houses are used as private housing.</p><br>
<h2>UNESCO World Heritage Site</h2><br>
<p>The Chinese Pavilion was one of the main reasons the Drottningholm Palace was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. The UNESCO comments were:</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<h3>Details on the facade</h3><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Guelph Lake is a man-made reservoir on the Speed River, in the Township of Guelph/Eramosa. It is located upriver and slightly northeast of the city of Guelph, Ontario. The reservoir was created in 1974, with the construction of the Guelph Lake dam. The site is part of a 1,608 hectare  conservation area maintained by the Grand River Conservation Authority.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation Area</h2><br>
<p>Ever since the reservoir was created in 1974, the Guelph Lake conservation area has been popular for swimming and various beach activities. There are changing facilities, and two man-made sand beaches at Guelph Lake; however, the park does not maintain a regular lifeguard patrol.</p><br>
<p>The Guelph Lake Conservation Area has a camping area with 104 serviced sites with electricity and water and about 190 un-serviced sites in a variety of locations, including riverfront and forest. Approximately five kilometres of hiking and biking trails wind their way through a wide variety of natural wooded areas as well as tall stands of reforestation inside the conservation area. In addition, there is a recreational trail from downtown Guelph that follows the river to Guelph Lake.</p><br>
<p>The conservation area includes two beaches, and a venue for outdoor concerts. The concert area, which has a living roof, is located on a peninsula at the centre of the lake, and is the site of the annual Hillside Festival.</p><br>
<h3>Boating and rowing</h3><br>
<p>No outboard motor boats are allowed on Guelph Lake. The only motorized boats permitted on the lake are Jon boats, which are small row boat-style boats with an electric trolling motor. They can be rented from the boathouse at the main beach. Canoes and kayaks are popular on the lake and can also be rented from the boathouse.</p><br>
<p>Since the founding of the Guelph Rowing Club in 1998, the sport of rowing has grown in popularity at Guelph Lake. From 2000, the club has also served as home to the University of Guelph "Gryphons" Rowing Team. In 2008, a permanent boathouse was constructed on the shores of the lake. This boathouse provides facilities for a thriving community of competitive and recreational rowers.</p><br>
<p>Guelph Lake is home to the Guelph community boating club (GCBC) which provides a sailing facility, co-op fleet and sailboat racing. GCBC is also home to Snipe fleet 877, Canada’s largest Snipe Fleet and hosts numerous sailing regattas throughout the year.</p><br>
<h3>Winter activities</h3><br>
<p>Guelph Lake is closed during the winter season. Although the GRCA hosted ice fishing on Guelph Lake in the past, they no longer do so and the lake, along with the rest of the conservation area it is part of, is now considered off-limits during the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Guelph Lake Nature Centre</h2><br>
<p>The Guelph Lake Nature Centre is one of several nature centres operated by the Grand River Conservation Authority. The Centre offers environmental education programs for schools, families and community groups, as well as environmental day camps and birthday parties.</p><br>
<h2>Dam and power generation</h2><br>
<p>The dam at Guelph Lake is one of the main flood control installations on the Speed River. Each spring, melt-water runoff and seasonal precipitation is collected in the reservoir; during the summer, water is released slowly to regulate the flow of the river; and in autumn, the lake is drained to a much lower level, before it freezes over (partially or completely) during the winter. There is a small hydroelectric power generating facility at the dam.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Eigiau is a lake on the edge of the Carneddau range of mountains in Snowdonia, Conwy, Wales. The name Eigiau is thought to refer to the shoals of fish which once lived here. Early maps refer to it as Llynyga. It is thought that a small number of Arctic char exist in the lake  after they were transferred here from Llyn Peris, and certainly it is one of the few lakes in Wales to have its own natural brown trout.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>In 1911 a dam ¾ mile long and 35 ft high was built across part of its eastern side to supply water for the power station at Dolgarrog, which in turn provided power for the adjacent aluminium works. Materials for the dam were transported along the newly laid Eigiau Tramway, which ran from Dolgarrog and utilized the route of the former Cedryn Quarry Tramway. The original contractor pulled out of the construction, alleging corner cutting, and indeed on 2 November 1925, following 26 in of rain in just five days, the dam broke. The water flowed down to Coedty Reservoir, also causing that to burst, and millions of gallons of water flowed down into the village of Dolgarrog, causing the loss of 17 lives. A new power station was built at Dolgarrog in 1925. Three short black and white silent films of the incident can be seen here. A study of the dam today shows that indeed the foundations were quite insufficient, and large lumps of unmixed cement can also be seen. The dam material that can be seen through existing holes is flaky and tends to break away easily.</p><br>
<h2>The lake today</h2><br>
<p>Today the lake covers an area of about 120 acre, and has a depth of about 32 ft. After the construction of the dam its area would have been twice this.</p><br>
<p>Water is fed into Llyn Eigiau by a tunnel from the stream below Llyn Dulyn, and another larger tunnel takes water from Llyn Eigiau to Llyn Cowlyd. The main feeder of Llyn Eigiau is Afon Eigiau, a small river which flows down Cwm Eigiau. The outflow from Llyn Eigiau is called Afon Porth-llwyd, and this flows via Coedty reservoir before passing under Pont Newydd in Dolgarrog. This then flows into the River Conwy.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Although private vehicles are not permitted access to the lake itself, there is a carpark within walking distance, approx. half a mile from the dam and which is reached by road from the B5106 at Tal-y-bont, in the Conwy valley. The road passes through Llanbedr-y-Cennin and thereafter becomes a narrow lane as it goes over the hills towards the lake. Along this lane there are some public footpaths signposted, with stiles to access them over the old dry-stone walls that run along parts of the lane.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Dulyn  is a lake on the edge of the Carneddau range of mountains in Snowdonia, North Wales.</p><br>
<p>The lake covers an area of only 33 acre, yet is extremely deep - it reaches to a depth of 189 feet (58 metres). Less than a kilometre to its south lies the smaller Llyn Melynllyn.</p><br>
<p>Cliffs rise steeply from the lake edge up to the summits of Garnedd Uchaf and Foel Grach, giving it a dark brooding appearance - hence its name. A number of superstitions are connected with the cwm, which has also been the site of a number of small aeroplane crashes.</p><br>
<p>The lake has a dam, originally built in 1881, to increase its water capacity, but it has been altered several times since. As a reservoir Dulyn (along with Melynllyn) provides water for the town of Llandudno. The pipes cross the River Conwy at Tal-y-Cafn bridge.</p><br>
<p>The outflow from the lake is called Afon Dulyn, and this stream also feeds water into neighbouring Llyn Eigiau. Afon Dulyn flows north-east, passing Tal-y-bont before joining the River Conwy.</p><br>
<p>The Huon Valley, or simply the Huon is a valley and geographic area located in southern Tasmania, Australia. It roughly corresponds to the Huon Valley Council local government area, yet predates that entity. The largest town is Huonville, with other smaller towns spread across the area. It includes Australia&#39;s most southern permanent settlement at Southport. The Huon Valley Council area had a population of 15,140 in 2011. Famed for its apple growing, the Valley was first settled by British colonists in the 1840s; prior to settlement the Huon Valley area was inhabited by the Nuenonne people.</p><br>
<p>The area it is sometimes combined as the Huon-Channel area with the areas around D&#39;Entrecasteaux Channel.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Huon Valley, along with its local government authority, several towns, the Huon River and the Huon Pine were named after Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The Huon is both a major horticultural area, particularly famous for growing apples (83% of Tasmanian apples originate in the Valley), but also producing cherries, berries and stone fruit and is home to many commuter workers who work in Hobart or Kingston and prefer to live in a more rural setting. It is also a major source of seafood; the Valley hosts the headquarters of Huon Aquaculture and the major processing plants for Tassal. The largest employers are agriculture, forestry and aquaculture, followed by out of Valley work; Tourism is a growing industry in the Huon Valley, and the valley attracts around 25% of Tasmania&#39;s tourist visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was first settled by Europeans in the early 1840s. In 1843 Thomas Judd planted the first apple trees, founding the industry that made the Huon famous. He was followed by Silas Parsons, founder of Grove and then Wm. Barnett, Wm. Cuthbert and then William Geeves, namesake of Geeveston.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>The valley falls entirely into the Commonwealth Division of Franklin and the Tasmanian House of Assembly State Division of Franklin. The Huon Valley Council is the local government authority. It was previously divided among the Municipalities of Port Cygnet, Espererance and Huon, which merged in 1993 to form the Huon Valley Council.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the Huon Valley Council was sacked by the state government after a long period of severe dysfunction.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>The Huon Valley hosts the Huon News, a weekly local newspaper, and the Cygnet & Channel Classifieds, a small local newsletter. Geeveston is the headquarters of Huon FM, a community radio station. It was historically served by the Huon Times, which closed in 1942. The Huon Valley also has local community radio station Pulse FM Kingborough and Huon.</p><br>
<p>Alacahöyük or Alaca Höyük  is the site of a Neolithic and Hittite settlement and is an important archaeological site. It is situated in Alaca, Çorum Province, Turkey, northeast of Boğazkale , where the ancient capital city Hattusa of the Hittite Empire was situated. Its Hittite name is unknown: connections with Arinna, Tawiniya, and Zippalanda have all been suggested.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mound (Turkish höyük) at Alacahöyük was a scene of settlement in a continuous sequence of development from the Chalcolithic Age, when earliest copper tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. During the Early Bronze Age, the mound was the center of a flourishing Hattian culture. It has been continuously occupied ever since, until today&#39;s modern settlement in the form of a small village. The standing and distinguishing remains at Alacahöyük, however, such as the "Sphinx Gate", date from the Hittite period that followed the Hatti, from the fourteenth century BC.</p><br>
<p>Thirteen shaft-grave "Royal Tombs" (EBII, ca. 2350-2150 BC) in Alacahöyük contained the dead in fetal position facing south. They were richly adorned with gold fibulae, diadems, and belt buckles and repoussé gold-leaf figures.</p><br>
<p>According to Trevor Bryce,</p><br>
<p>″There is a theory that the occupants of the tombs were not from the native Hattian population of central Anatolia, but were Kurgan immigrants from the region of Maikop in southern Russia, who spoke an Indo-European language and perhaps became rulers of the local Hattian population.″</p><br>
<p>Many of the artefacts discovered at Alacahöyük, including magnificent Hattian gold and bronze objects found in the Royal Tombs, are housed today in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara. Among these artifacts are gold and electrum standing cups and other vessels. The most unusual are the Alaca Höyük bronze standards; bulls or stags on pedestals whose purpose remains the subject of debate. The standards are cast in copper, many in the form of flat circles, half-circles or squares that are filled with an openwork network of cross bars, central crosses, and swastikas. Leonard Woolley found that the Royal Tombs "seem to belong to the end of a period, as marked by a stratum of destruction and the burning of the citadel. The culture which the tomb objects illustrate does not continue into the next historical phase, that of Kültepe". Modern assessment finds that the site continued as a flourishing community to the end of the Late Bronze Age. There was also a sizable occupation in Phrygian times.</p><br>
<h3>Dams</h3><br>
<p>A dam, dating from 1240 BC, was announced to be reopened for use on September 23, 2006. The dam was ordered by King Tudhaliya IV in the name of the goddess Hebat. According to ancient Hittite tablets, a drought struck Anatolia in 1200 BC, prompting the King to import wheat from Egypt so that his land would avoid famine. Following this, the king ordered numerous dams to be built in central Anatolia, all but one of them becoming non-functional over time. The one in Alacahöyük has survived because the water source is located inside the dam&#39;s reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1907, the Ottoman archaeologist Theodor Makridi Bey carried out brief explorations here for two weeks.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s, German teams discovered royal tombs dating to the third millennium BC, as well as a Hittite town of the second millennium BC. The impressive sphinx gate surrounded by stone reliefs marked its entrance.</p><br>
<p>The town was heavily fortified with walls and towers due to the frequent raids of the Kaska people living in the mountainous region to the north.</p><br>
<p>Excavations by the Turkish archaeologists Remzi Oğuz Arık and Hamit Koşay resumed in 1935 under the personal instructions of Atatürk who contributed from his own budget.</p><br>
<p>The work, which continued until 1970, revealed considerable local wealth and achievement even before the time of the Hittites, with the earliest occupation dating from the 4th millennium BC. Tombs of the 3rd millennium BC feature metal vessels, jewelry, weapons, and pole finials of bulls, stags, as well as abstract forms often interpreted as solar symbols. Excavation at the site resumed in 1994, and is now directed by Dr. Aykut Çınaroğlu.</p><br>
<p>Gage and Tollner was a restaurant on Fulton Street in Downtown Brooklyn. It had been in business since 1879 and in the same location since 1892 until it closed on February 14, 2004. The building it was housed has been in existence since 1875.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built about 1875 and is a four story late Italianate style brownstone building. The painted wood storefront was probably added in 1892 when the restaurant opened. It includes a portico with modified Doric order columns. The interior retains the original Victorian design including Lincrusta-Walton wall covering.</p><br>
<p>Gage and Tollners began when Charles Gage opened an "eating house" at 303 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, in 1879. In 1880, Eugene Tollner joined him and the restaurant became known as Gage and Tollners in 1882. The restaurant moved to 372–374 Fulton Street in 1892.</p><br>
<p>It attracted customers like Diamond Jim Brady, Jimmy Durante and Mae West.</p><br>
<p>Gage and Tollner retired in 1911 and sold the restaurant to A.H. Cunningham and Alexander Ingalls, with the provision that neither the interior nor the name be changed. They sold the restaurant eight years later to Seth Bradford Dewey. The Deweys bought the entire building in 1923 and continued to run the business until 1985.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the restaurant and building was bought by Peter Aschkenasy who brought in famed chef Edna Lewis. She helped "transform" the restaurant by adding her famed Southern cuisine, such as cornbread, catfish and a "legendary she-crab soup". Joseph Chirico, who owned the restaurant since 1995, made the hard decision to close the restaurant since "the business was dragging every day."</p><br>
<p>Shortly after it closed, T.G.I. Fridays moved in. T.G.I. Fridays vacated the space in 2007. After gaining interior design approval from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, an Arbys franchise, owned by Raymond Chera, opened at the location on January 21, 2010. In August 2010, the Arbys franchise closed. As of 2012 the space is inhabited by a discount costume jewelry and leather coats store. Most of the antique fixtures have disappeared or have been covered up by modern lighting and fixtures.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>It had 36 gaslamps, meaning it could stay open in a blackout, cherry framed mirrors and tables made of mahogany.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the fall of 1995, Chirico made some renovations and closed down the restaurant until April/May 1996. He said "he has tried to retain the historic flavor of the restaurant while providing modern amenities."</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The interior had been granted landmark status by the city&#39;s Landmarks Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Reviews</h2><br>
<p>"Milford Prewitt, a former writer and editor for Nation’s Restaurant News, described the restaurant as one of the most “romantic dining environments in the city, contributing to its ranking as one of the top restaurants for marriage proposals.” Or, as L.J. Davis wrote in an essay in the nostalgic anthology Brooklyn: A State of Mind, “You go to Gage’s (as many regulars call it) for the experience, the way you go to heaven for the climate and to hell for the company.”"</p><br>
<p>Ukok Plateau is a remote and pristine grasslands area located in the heart of southwestern Siberia, the Altai Mountains region of Russia near the borders with China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The plateau is recognized as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai as an important environmental treasure. It provides a habitat for many of the world&#39;s endangered species including one of its least studied predatory animals: the snow leopard. Other endangered species protected there include the argali mountain sheep, the steppe eagle, and the black stork. Currently the Ukok Plateau is being threatened by plans for a gas pipeline between China and Russia. It is also being threatened by a proposal to build a road through it as well as overuse of the steppe by ranchers.</p><br>
<h2>Terminology</h2><br>
<p>The Mongolian word uheg literally means "elongated cabinet", "box", "massive mountain", or big hill with a flat top. According to the oral testimony of S. Umurzakova ukok in Kyrgyz used to refer to flat-topped mountains, i.e., plateaus.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ukok Plateau is the high-mountainous plain located between South-Altai and Sailugem and ridges at a height of 2,200 – above sea level. There are 500- to 600-metre-high (1,600–2,000 ft) mountain peaks that tower above the plateau. The highest peak on the plateau is the mountain knot of Tavan-Bogdo-Ula (Five Sacred Peaks) where the highest mountain is Khüiten Peak that reaches 4,374 m above sea level. This is the second highest peak in Siberia after Belukha Mountain. The present-day eastern Altai-Sayan region areas of Ukok-Sailiugem could be considered the closest analogy to the ancient mammoth steppe environment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pazyryk is the name given by modern scholars to an ancient people who lived in the Altai Mountains on this plateau who are associated with some spectacular archeological findings, including mummies found frozen in the permafrost. Many ancient Bronze Age tomb mounds have been found in the area and have been associated with the Pazyryk culture which closely resembled that of the legendary Scythian people to the west. The term kurgan is in general usage to describe such log-barrow burials. Excavations of this site have continued to yield notable archaeological finds.</p><br>
<p>One famous finding is known as the Ice Maiden, excavated by Russian archaeologist Natalia Polosmak.</p><br>
<p>At least six tattooed mummies dating from the period ca. (c. 2600 BC - AD 402) have been recovered preserved by the permafrost in tombs at sites on the Ukok Plateau including Temrta III, Primorsky I, Ak-Alakha 3, Verkh-Kaldzhin 2, and the Pazyryk burial ground.</p><br>
<p>The Ice Maiden and other archaeological finds were located just within a disputed strip of land between Russia and China.</p><br>
<p>The residents of the Altai Republic are demanding the return of the burial artifacts from their current location in Novosibirsk.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Ukok plateau is linked to the outside world by heavy-going dirt roads through the Ukok (Russia-Kazakhstan border), Ulan-Daba (Russia-Mongolia border), Teplyi kluch and Kalgutinsky passes. The Teplyi kluch pass is at an altitude of 2,907 m. One may get to these passes from Kosh-Agach village, which is easily reachable owing to a relatively improved M52 highway (the so-called Chuysky tract).</p><br>
<p>Southward, beyond Kosh-Agach, the way becomes impassable for common means of transport and passable only for off-road vehicles. However, even they could become stuck in swamp mud in the Kalguty river valley, especially after a sunny day when frozen soil begins thawing. For most of the year the passes are snow-covered and avalanche-prone. During the short summer season all the slopes are prone to solifluction.</p><br>
<p>The Dabus River is a north-flowing tributary of the Abay River in southwestern Ethiopia; it joins its parent stream at . The Dabus has a drainage area of about 21,032 square kilometers.</p><br>
<p>This river was formerly known as the Yabus, and local speakers still refer to it by that name, without distinction for the Yabus in Sudan that is a tributary of the White Nile. Juan Maria Schuver was the first European explorer to determine that they were two separate rivers, and in 1882 proved false the rumor that these rivers flowed from the same mountain lake.</p><br>
<p>It is important as a boundary both in cultural and political terms. According to Dunlop, who explored the region in 1935, the river is where "the Christian church of the Oromo people gives place to the mosque, and the Oromo greeting to the universal Muslim politeness: &#39;Salaam Aleikum.&#39; In contrast to the Oromo and Amhara dress, consisting of a shirt with close-fitting sleeves, jodpurs and chamma, they wear a white skull-cap, pugaree, flowing coat with loose sleeves and baggy trousers." In political terms, its course defines not only part of the boundary between the Benishangul-Gumuz and the Oromia Regions, but also the entire shared boundary of the Asosa and Kamashi Zones of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region.</p><br>
<p>The Dabus is a historically significant source for gold, where the local inhabitants used placer mining to recover the mineral.</p><br>
<p>The Alabama Governors Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Alabama and the governors family in Montgomery, the capital city of Alabama. The current Governor of Alabama, Kay Ivey lives at the governors mansion. The original governors mansion for Alabama was occupied from 1911 until 1950, when the current mansion was acquired. The current mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>First residence</h2><br>
<p>The first official residence for Alabamas governor was acquired in 1911. Prior to that time, governors of the state lived in private homes or local hotels during their terms of office. The first residence was built by Moses Sabel in 1906. The house, a Beaux Arts brownstone, was located on the southwest corner of South Perry and South Streets in Montgomery. It was purchased for use as an executive mansion by a special state commission, formed by an act of the Alabama Legislature. This commission was authorized to contract for the construction, purchase, or improvement of a residence and the acquisition of grounds. The former Sabel home cost the state $46,500. Governor Emmet ONeal was the first to occupy the mansion and Jim Folsom was the last. The state relocated the official residence from this house to the former Robert Ligon, Jr. house in 1950. The old residence was then used as state offices for the Adjutant General and the Military Department until May 1959, when the property was sold to Montgomery Academy, a private secondary school. It was subsequently condemned and demolished in 1963 as part of the construction of Interstate 85.</p><br>
<h2>Current residence</h2><br>
<p>The current official residence for the governor replaced the first executive mansion in 1950. Designed in the Classical Revival or Neoclassical style by the architect Weatherly Carter, it was built in 1907 for Robert Fulwood Ligon, Jr., son of General Robert Fulwood Ligon. The house was purchased by the state for $100,000, with an additional $130,000 spent on renovations and furnishings. Governor Gordon Persons and his family were the first to occupy the former Ligon home, assuming possession of it the day of his inauguration, January 15, 1951.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent features of the exterior are a monumental Corinthian composite tetrastyle portico at the front, recessed wrought iron balconies on the second level, and an elaborate Ionic porte-cochère to one side. The interior features 17 primary rooms, with a double staircase leading from the entrance hall to the second level. A formal garden, surrounded by a high ornamental wall, originally covered the entire rear grounds of the property, which extends through the city block to South Court Street. These grounds now feature gardens, a large pergola, a swimming pool in the shape of the state, a guest house, a stone grotto water feature, and tennis courts. The entire property is surrounded by a wrought iron fence, with octagonal guard houses at the main gates.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Patsy Riley, wife of then-Governor Bob Riley, coordinated an effort to renovate and reopen the Governor&#39;s Mansion to tourists. The mansion had been closed to tourism for almost a decade. She and her "First Lady and Friends of the Mansion" organization raised private funds and donations to finance this effort. It did not involve any taxpayer money.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Governors Mansion, located at 716 Calhoun Avenue in Juneau, Alaska, is the official residence of the Governor of Alaska, the First Lady or Gentleman of Alaska, and their families. It was designed by James Knox Taylor. The Governors Mansion was first occupied in 1912 by Territorial Governor Walter Eli Clark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original budget for the 2½-story 12,900 ft&sup2; frame structure and furnishing was $40,000 and included planned servants quarters and a territorial museum on the third floor which were never built.</p><br>
<p>The first floor includes a reception hall, drawing room, library, dining room, office, kitchen, two pantries, and a conservatory. The second floor contains four large bedrooms, a sewing room and three bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 the wood finish of the exterior was plastered over and painted white.</p><br>
<p>In 1967-68 two guest suites and one large bedroom were added to the third floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 a $2.5 million renovation that restored the interior decor to its original 1912 design also included new heating, electrical, plumbing and security systems.</p><br>
<p>In its current configuration the number of rooms in the mansion, excluding great halls, garages, closets, and bathrooms, is twenty-six. There are ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces, amounting to a total area of 14,400 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>President Warren G. Harding in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Charles Lindbergh in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Former President Gerald R. Ford in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Cullasaja Falls is a waterfall in southwestern North Carolina. The waterfall is located on the Cullasaja River in the Nantahala National Forest and is part of the Mountain Waters Scenic Byway. Cullasaja comes from a Cherokee word meaning "honey locust place".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The falls is the last major waterfall on the Cullasaja River. The falls is a long cascade over the course of 0.2 miles (.3 km).</p><br>
<p>The height of the falls is given as 200 ft (61 m) in Kevin Adams&#39; book, North Carolina Waterfalls However, Google Earth gives a height (based on the elevation of the water at the top of the falls and the elevation of the plunge pool at the bottom of the falls) of 137 ft (42 m).</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the falls</h2><br>
<p>It is easy to catch a glimpse of the falls while driving by; however, getting a better view of the falls is not easy. The falls are located beside of a series of blind curves on USA 64, with sheer rock cliffs above and below the road. There is only one small pull-off near the falls, but walking on the road puts visitors in danger of being hit by a passing vehicle.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Though difficult to reach, some use the falls as a place for leisure activities such as swimming (in the pool below) or rappelling.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby falls</h2><br>
<p>Quarry Falls</p><br>
<p>Dry Falls</p><br>
<p>Bridal Veil Falls</p><br>
<p>Birkhouse Moor is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells. It is properly an eastern ridge of Helvellyn, but was treated as a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. That convention is followed here.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Running east from the summit of Helvellyn is Striding Edge, a knife-edged arête which provides the most famous fell-walking in the District. The ridge turns a little to the north at the rocky turret of High Spying How and then drops to a grassy saddle, known as Hole-in-the-Wall. North east of here the ridge broadens into a wide plateau, appearing in plan like a three taloned claw. This plateau, about a mile wide, is Birkhouse Moor. The three talons are the short spurs of Keldas, The Nab and the unnamed northern ridge.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the Striding Edge–Birkhouse Moor ridge runs the long valley of Grisedale, emptying into the head of Ullswater. There are small pockets of mixed woodland on the lower slopes and above these the valley wall is steep sided with some outcropping rock.</p><br>
<p>The northern side of Birkhouse Moor is bounded by the more complex Glenridding valley system. Glenridding Beck has three principal southern tributaries: Mires Beck, Bleacove Beck and Red Tarn Beck. Mires Beck flows from Little Cove, a small corrie separating Keldas and the Nab. Bleacove Beck empties Blea Cove, a short side valley between The Nab and the north ridge. Red Tarn Beck forms the western perimeter of Birkhouse Moor, draining the large tarn of that name nestling beneath the summit of Helvellyn. There is more rock on this side, with Nab Crag rising above Blea Cove and extensive outcropping on all three ridges. There remains evidence on the Glenridding slopes of the former activities of Greenside Mine. Several leats and pipelines can still be traced which once captured the water of these streams for industrial use.</p><br>
<p>Keldas is separated from the main body of Birkhouse Moor by a small depression containing Lanty’s Tarn. This small waterbody gains its name from Lancelot Dobson, an earlier landowner. It was later bought by the owners of Patterdale Hall, the Marshall family, and extended by damming. In addition to fishing, the tarn was used as a source of ice in winter, and the ice house still stands nearby. The summit of Keldas is privately owned but public access is permitted. Standing above the head of Ullswater it provides superb views down the lake, with the ‘Keldas Pines’ giving an excellent foreground for pictures.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is composed of the dacitic lapilli-tuff of the Helvellyn Formation. The overlying volcaniclastic sandstone of the Deepdale Formation is revealed at Keldas.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Birkhouse Moor has two summits. The true top is on the main ridge to Striding Edge, which is followed by a stone wall. A cairn has been built a little to the west, but the wall appears to cross the highest point. The north top (2,315 ft) lies a quarter of a mile away at the meeting point of The Nab and the north ridge. A cairn has also been built here and there are good views to the north. Between the two tops is an area of marshy ground with a number of small tarns.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Acting as a staging post on the popular ascent of Helvellyn from Patterdale, Birkhouse Moor is crossed by a number of major routes. The ridge can be gained from the Glenridding side via Mires Beck or Lanty’s Tarn. From the mouth of Grisedale a path climbs to the Hole-in-the-Wall, with variations allowing the summit to be visited or bypassed. Pathless climbs can also be made up The Nab or the north ridge from Glenridding. The view from the true summit is dominated by Helvellyn and the encircling arms of Striding and Swirral Edges.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas Governors Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Arkansas and Arkansas First Family. The mansion is located at 1800 Center Street in Little Rock, and is included in the Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District, a district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Until 1950, the State of Arkansas did not have an official residence for its governor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1947, Act 257 of the Arkansas General Assembly established a Governors Mansion Commission with an appropriation of $100,000.00. The site was the former location of the Arkansas School for the Blind, which had moved to new quarters near the citys Pulaski Heights neighborhood. The architects were Frank J. Ginocchio, Jr. and Edwin B. Cromwell.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of the mansion is Georgian Revival, colonial type. The main material of the exterior is brick. Construction began in December 1947 (incorporating 300,000 bricks from the original School for the Blind structures), and the Governor&#39;s Residence became operational officially on January 10, 1950. The first Governor to reside here was Sidney S. McMath, who moved in on February 3, 1950. Significant additions to the mansion were completed during the administration of Michael Huckabee.</p><br>
<p>From 1986-1991, stock footage of the mansion was used for the television program Designing Women to represent the Atlanta home of character Suzanne Sugarbaker, played by Delta Burke. In 2008, footage of the mansion was also used for the television program 30 Rock to represent the home of a character played by Steve Martin.</p><br>
<p>Ponta João Ribeiro is a cape in the northern part of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. It is nearly 3 km north of the island capital of Mindelo, it recently forms the northern urban area and the city of Mindelo and belongs to the neighborhood of Laginha . The cape divides the Canal de São Vicente and the Porto Grande Bay. The islet of Ilhéu dos Pássaros is approximately 1.3 km to the west. Cliffs dominate the north and slopey areas in the south and one portion artificial land. Nearly 100 meters west of the point is the 25th meridian west.</p><br>
<p>Near the cape is an abandoned military camp used by the Portuguese during the Portuguese rule until 1975 and has several buildings that are now a monument. It now serves as a fishing factory.</p><br>
<p>When Porto Grande underwent a second port expansion, its extremity went west of the point.</p><br>
<p>Urban development in the late 2000s reached the point&#39;s area, In 2013, street plan were created up to the area of the point and a year later housing developments, luxury houses started to be built, so far, about ten of them have been built as of 2016.</p><br>
<p>The H. P. Luckett House is a Queen Anne style house located in Bastrop, Texas. The 14-room house was built around 1892 for Dr. H.P. Luckett, a prominent citizen who had practiced medicine in the town for almost 50 years. The structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1978, and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Luckett house was originally occupied by the Bastrop Academy, one of the leading schools in Texas. Citizens of Bastrop founded the Academy in 1851 and the school received its charter on January 24, 1852. It was rechartered under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1853. In 1856, the male part of the Academy became the Bastrop Military Institute, which trained young men for service during the Civil War. After the war, the Institute moved to Austin and the City of Bastrop purchased the property. The city used the buildings for a variety of schools, until a public school system was established in 1892, and the city sold off the property.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Luckett purchased the site and demolished the existing structures. The home he built cost $14,000 and featured carved entry doors and millwork brought in by flatcar from Houston.</p><br>
<p>The house last sold in 1983. The new owners were just the third family to live in the house in over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the house was used in a national Verizon Wireless television advertisement campaign as part of the "Don&#39;t be afraid of dead zones" series.</p><br>
<p>The Milbanke Sound Group, also called the Milbanke Sound Cones, is an enigmatic group of five small basaltic volcanoes in the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. Named for Milbanke Sound, this volcanic group straddles on at least four small islands , including Swindle, Price, Lady Douglas and Lake Island. Not much is known about this group of volcanoes and they remain undated. However, they all likely formed in the past 10,000 years after the last glacial period as evidenced by a small amount of erosion. The age of the most recent volcanic activity is also unknown. Most of the Milbanke Sound Cones are covered by mature forest. Kitasu Hill and Helmet Peak are the only two cones that are officially named.</p><br>
<p>This group of volcanoes is unlike many other volcanic groups in Canada as it resides on islands instead of on the mainland. The volcanoes form a northwest-southeast trend along the British Columbia Coast. To the west the Milbanke Sound Group is bounded by the Pacific Ocean and elsewhere it is surrounded by adjacent islands that form an archipelago. Although not related, the Milbanke Sound Group is close to the remains of a much older magmatic feature that was formed during the Tertiary period.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Volcanoes</h3><br>
<p>Just south of Kitasu Bay on the southwestern shore of Swindle Island, Kitasu Hill rises with an elevation of 250 m and a topographic prominence of 230 m. This is a small symmetrical monogenetic cinder cone and the best preserved volcano associated with the Milbanke Sound Group. Subaerial tephra and volcanic bombs are the main volcanics comprising the volcano. These volcanics surround eroded remains of the basalt lava flows and are composed of the mineral olivine. Kitasu Hill rests on till that overlies glacially scoured bedrock.</p><br>
<p>Near the northeastern shore of Price Island, a small eroded monogenetic cinder cone composed of basalt is covered by mature forest. This lava flow extends down to the northeastern shoreline of Price Island where it covers beach gravel.</p><br>
<p>Helmet Peak on the northern end of Lake Island just off the southwestern side of the Don Peninsula is a steep-sided monogenetic cinder cone. It is composed of welded volcanic blocks and basaltic feeder dikes. With an elevation of 335 m, Helmet Peak is the highest volcano in the Milbanke Sound Group. During its eruption, basaltic tuff breccia was sent throughout the surrounding landscape that deposited on glaciated granitic rock and unconsolidated beach gravel near the volcano. This basaltic tuff breccia covers parts of Lake Island and nearby Lady Douglas Island. Blocks of basement granodiorite, some up to 2 m wide, are randomly suspended within the breccia. Basalt on Lake Island is characterized by abundant 0.5 cm to 1 cm labradorite and clinopyroxene phenocrysts.</p><br>
<p>At the southern end of the Milbanke Sound Group, a small monogenetic cinder cone with an elevation of 50 m resides on Dufferin Island. Finngal Island, south of Dufferin Island, contains one or more basaltic lava flows that form well-preserved columar jointing. Like other volcanic deposits in the Milbanke Sound Group, little is known about these lava flows.</p><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The relationship of the Milbanke Sound Cones and to other volcanoes throughout British Columbia is not clear. In some classifications, they are grouped with the Anahim Volcanic Belt because they are parallel with its east-west trend.</p><br>
<p>A possible explanation for the origin of the Milbanke Sound Group is that it reflects a northern extension of the north-west trending subduction-related Garibaldi Volcanic Belt further south. This in turn is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States, which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens. However, there is currently not enough data to support this suggestion. Its origins might also result from other tectonic processes that are currently not understood.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the Milbanke Sound Cones are not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active their magma chambers are. An existing network of seismographs has been established to monitor earthquakes, but is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening beneath the cones. It may sense an increase in activity if a volcano becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption. It might detect activity only once a volcano has started erupting.</p><br>
<p>The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan, Canadas volcanic emergency notification program, was established to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would be involved in response to a volcanic eruption in Canada, an eruption close to Canadas borders, or an eruption significant enough to have an effect on Canada and its people. It focuses primarily on aviation safety because jet aircraft can quickly enter areas of volcanic ash. The program notifies all impacted agencies that have to deal with volcanic events. Aircraft are rerouted away from hazardous ash and people on the ground are notified of potential ash fall.</p><br>
<p>Sheffield Pike  is a fell in the English Lake District, a prominent intermediate top on one of the eastern ridges of Stybarrow Dodd. It separates and stands high above the Glencoyne and Glenridding valleys, on the eastern side of the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells and it looks down onto Ullswater.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A broad ridge runs east from the summit of Stybarrow Dodd, across a grassy saddle to the subsidiary top of White Stones, the summit of Green Side (795 m / 2608 ft), where it turn to the north-east to Hart Side and Watermillock Common. The south-east shoulder of Green Side drops about 200 m down a slope which has been quarried and damaged by mining activities beneath to the depression of Nick Head (584 m / 1916 ft). From here the ridge rises 91 m to the top of Sheffield Pike (675 m).</p><br>
<p>Two lower ridges descend to the east of Sheffield Pike. The south-east shoulder, below Heron Pike, drops to a grassy col and then rises to Glenridding Dodd, the final top on the ridge before Ullswater. The north-east shoulder drops through Glencoyne Wood and past Moss Crag to Ullswater. The secluded little valley of Mossdale lies between these two lower ridges.</p><br>
<p>Broadly oval in plan, Sheffield Pike separates the Glencoyne and Glenridding valleys, rising high above both. Each flank is steep, the Glenridding Screes on the south side particularly so, and the upper slopes on both sides have substantial outcrops of steep crags. East of the summit is a second top named Heron Pike (612 m / 2008 ft), a rock turret backed by a couple of tiny tarns. (This should not be confused with the Heron Pike that forms part of the Fairfield horseshoe, although it appears that, by coincidence, both Heron Pikes are exactly the same height.)</p><br>
<p>Standing between two valleys and at the head of a third, the northern slopes of Sheffield Pike are drained by Glencoyne Beck, the southern slopes by Glenridding Beck, and the eastern side by Mossdale Beck.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The undulating summit plateau of Sheffield Pike has marshy ground and small tarns in places between rocky outcrops, with rough grass and heather. A broad cairn on top of an outcrop of rock marks the summit. Two iron posts, one on Heron Pike and the other above Nick Head, are inscribed “H 1912” on one side and “M 1912” on the other. These mark the boundary between the Howard estate of Greystoke and the Marshall estate of Patterdale. The summit cairn also carries an old stone boundary marker with the H and M initials as well as a cryptic E.R. and the date 1830.</p><br>
<p>The summit overlooks Glencoyne, but being set back from both the southern and eastern sides of the fell better views may be had from other places. The cairn above Black Crag, or the top of Heron Pike, both give better views of Ullswater, and a well-used sheep path above the crags along the south side of the fell gives the best views of upper Glenridding, backed by Catstye Cam and Helvellyn.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Most of the fell, above the Greenside Road and away from the site of the old Greenside Mine, is Open Access land.</p><br>
<p>Ascents can begin from Glenridding village or from Glencoyne on the track behind Seldom Seen. In either case the route may use either of the two cols, east or west of Sheffield Pike. From Glenridding a track known as The Rake leads to the eastern col, or the track past the former Greenside Mine leads to Nick Head, the western col. The latter route is no longer the industrial nightmare that Alfred Wainwright complained of in his 1955 guide-book when the mine was still working, but the spoil heaps and some of the mine buildings are still there.</p><br>
<p>Sheffield Pike can also be included in walks that take in Glenridding Dodd first, and then proceed either to Hart Side for a circuit of Glencoyne, or to Stybarrow Dodd and Helvellyn for a much longer horseshoe of Glenridding.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Virtually all the rocks of Sheffield Pike are part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity, roughly 450 million years ago in the Ordovician Period.</p><br>
<p>Within that group, nearly all the rocks on the fell belong to the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are part of a thick succession of andesite sheets which now outcrop in a wide band around the western and northern sides of the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>These sheets were formed by successive eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes</p><br>
<p>Between the individual lava flows may be beds of volcaniclastic sandstone, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks, and the map shows a small deposit of this near the summit of Sheffield Pike.</p><br>
<p>Two minor igneous intrusions occur on the fell. A basalt dyke of similar age to the volcanic rocks crosses Nick Head, and a later microgranite dyke of Devonian age runs near the top of the crags on the south side of the fell. This was probably associated with the later stages of the emplacement of the granite batholith which underlies the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Also associated with the granite batholith was the creation of mineral veins in parts of the Lake District. The richest known lead vein of all was found crossing the south-east shoulder of Green Side, running in a north-south direction.</p><br>
<p>Mining at Greenside Mine began during the eighteenth century by driving levels into the side of Green Side, but in 1853 a new level was begun from the present entrance to the mine at Lucy’s Tongue beneath Nick Head. This was driven north and west for 16 years to intersect the Greenside vein, and allowed deeper levels of the vein to be exploited. Over its lifetime the mine produced 2,400,000 tons of ore, finally closing in 1962.</p><br>
<p>Considerable evidence of mining remains with extensive spoil heaps on the lower slopes of Sheffield Pike. Part of the mine buildings have been converted into a Youth Hostel. The mine was still working when Alfred Wainwright prepared his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>Sheffield Pike. This name is unexplained. Its first known use is by the Ordnance Survey in 1859. One possibility is that it reflects the influence of the Howard family at Greystoke, the Dukes of Norfolk, who also owned estates in Sheffield, though there is no direct evidence for this explanation. Another possibility is that the original name was something like Sheepfold Pike, and that the pronunciation became corrupted, though again there is no evidence for this. These two explanations need not be mutually exclusive.</p><br>
<p>Heron Pike was called Herring Pike in nineteenth century guide-books</p><br>
<p>both names seem equally unlikely. Probably a corruption of Old English erne, eagle, plus pike.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, colloquially known as "Smoky Mary&#39;s" because of the use of incense in the services, both between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in the borough of Manhattan in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The church, which has been called "one of the finest Gothic-inspired designs of New York&#39;s late 19th century", and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On April 6, 1868, the cornerstone was laid for the first church, located at 228 West 45th Street, which is today the site of the Booth Theatre. The rector and trustees named the church for the Blessed Virgin Mary. The first church was designed by William Hallet, and was dedicated on December 8, 1870, the Feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Potter was unable to officiate at the service, but his place was taken by Horatio Southgate, the Episcopal Church&#39;s former missionary bishop to the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>After the Episcopalians left the church on West 45th Street, it became the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer and then Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist.</p><br>
<h2>New church</h2><br>
<p>By 1890, the congregation had outgrown the church on West 45th Street. In 1892, the late Miss Sara L. Cooke, a member of the parish, left the church a legacy which eventually amounted to $700,000, in addition to real estate. Brown and the other trustees decided to use this legacy to fund a new church on an eight-lot parcel running through from 46th to 47th Streets. The new complex was to include a rectory at the 47th Street end of the lot, a clergy house for curates and assistants and a mission house for the sisters. The style would be French Gothic of the 13th and 14th centuries, with a church seating 800 people.</p><br>
<p>Erecting this building was a challenge to the architectural firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, with Pierre LeBrun as the lead designer, because of its size and the location. The LeBrun firm had experience working with steel framing, which is buried within the walls, making it the first church in the world built on a concealed steel skeleton, "redefining the conventional methods of church construction." The facade of the church is clad in limestone, while the other buildings in the complex are brick-faced.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the new church was laid on December 8, 1894, and the church was dedicated in 1895. The completed church was 60 ft wide and 180 ft long, and the nave was 80 ft from floor to ceiling and 46 ft wide. The chancel, at the north end of the building, was 48 ft deep, terminating with the marble high altar moved from the former church. Complementing LeBrun&#39;s design were many sculptural decorations by J. Massey Rhind.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, Saint Marys is known for its solemn liturgies and choral and organ music. Solemn High Mass and Solemn Evensong and Benediction are celebrated on Sundays, and Mass is offered daily. Because of the copious use of incense, the church is sometimes referred to as "Smoky Marys". In 1996-97, the interior of the church was restored by J. Lawrence Jones & Associates, resulting in vivid colors, including cobalt blue vaulting with gold stars.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The choir of the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is a professional ensemble that sings music for the liturgy. At each Solemn Mass, the plainchant is sung in the original Latin. The choir&#39;s repertoire of Masses and motets stretches from the Middle Ages to works by living composers.</p><br>
<p>A number of musicians have served as organist and music director at the parish, among them McNeil Robinson, Kyler Brown, Christopher Babcock, Robert McCormick, James Kennerley, and Simon Whalley. The current organist and music director is David Hurd.</p><br>
<p>Camp Moore, north of the Village of Tangipahoa near Kentwood, Louisiana, was a Confederate training base and principal base of operations in eastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi. The base was named for Louisiana Governor Thomas Overton Moore and operated from May 1861 to 1864 during the American Civil War. The location of the camp was chosen due to its relatively high ground elevation, abundance of fresh drinking water, and being adjacent to the then New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Railroad line. A small portion of the camp remains, containing the Camp Moore Confederate Cemetery and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Among the thousands of troops who were organized and trained at Camp Moore were the regiments that later constituted the Louisiana Tigers. As many as 20,000 men from Louisiana were trained at Camp Moore before fighting in battles in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Troops from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas were trained at the base. Establishment of the camp was authorized directly from Confederate President Jefferson Davis.</p><br>
<p>Many of the Confederate soldiers buried in the cemetery died of various diseases. In the center of the cemetery stands a monument which was dedicated in 1907. The monument measures 22.5 ft tall. On top of the monument is a statue of a Confederate private soldier that is 6 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>The log house was built in 1929, as a chapter house for Chapter No. 562 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Next to the log house stands a monument to area Confederate soldiers dedicated in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1965 and designated as a State Commemorative Area, the museum contains artifacts from the Civil War and regional history. In 1986, Governor Edwards closed the site, along with other commemorative areas across the State, during a State monetary crunch. Although still owned by Louisiana&#39;s State Lands Office, the site was reopened in June, 1993 by a private, non-profit entity, the Camp Moore Historical Association. The association has a 97-year lease with the State of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Moore Museum, Memorial, and cemetery is located on US 51 approximately 8 mi south of the Louisiana/Mississippi state line. The property comprises approximately 6.2 acre. The Museum is open to the public for tours, Wednesday through Saturday 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, and closed on major holidays. An annual Civil War re-enactment occurs on the weekend before Thanksgiving each year. This two-day event, held on both Saturday and Sunday, features scripted battles, living history displays, and memorial ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>The Insular Mountains are a range of mountains in the Pacific Coast Ranges on the Coast of British Columbia, Canada, comprising the Vancouver Island Ranges and Queen Charlotte Mountains. The Insular Mountains are rugged, particularly on Vancouver Island where peaks in Strathcona Provincial Park rise to elevations of more than 2000m . The highest of these mountains is Golden Hinde on Vancouver Island, which rises to 2,196.818 m.</p><br>
<p>Although the Coast Mountain Range is usually referred to as the westernmost range of the Pacific Cordillera (since it is the westernmost range on the main landmass at that point), the Insular Mountains are the true westernmost range.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>These Insular Mountains are not yet fully emerged above sea level, and Vancouver Island and the Haida Gwaii are just the higher elevations of the range, which was in fact fully exposed during the last glacial period (maximum ice extent about 18,000 years ago) when the continental shelf in this area was a broad coastal plain.</p><br>
<p>The Insular Mountains formed when a chain of active volcanic islands (the Insular Islands) collided against the North American continent during the mid Cretaceous period. The type of rocks that form the Insular Mountains are turbidites and pillow lavas. Granitic plutons seldom occur in the Insular Mountains, unlike the Coast Mountains. The Insular Mountain range covers some 133,879 km² (51,691 sq mi). It experiences frequent seismic activity, with the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate being subducted into the Earth&#39;s mantle. Large earthquakes have led to collapsing mountains, landslides and fissures.</p><br>
<p>During the last glacial period, ice enclosed nearly all of these mountains. Glaciers that ran down to the Pacific Ocean sharpened the valley faces and eroded their bottoms. These valleys were transformed into fjords when the ice melted and the sea level rose. Ice Age remnants may still be noted, such as the Comox Glacier in the Vancouver Island Ranges.</p><br>
<h2>Sub-ranges</h2><br>
<h3>Haida Gwaii</h3><br>
<p>Queen Charlotte Mountains, on Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands):</p><br>
<p>Cameron Range: On the western side of Graham Island</p><br>
<p>Crease Range: On north-central Graham Island</p><br>
<p>McKay Range: On the south coast of Graham Island</p><br>
<p>San Christoval Range: On the western side of Moresby Island</p><br>
<h3>Vancouver Island</h3><br>
<p>Vancouver Island Ranges, on Vancouver Island:</p><br>
<p>Refugium Range: On the Brooks Peninsula</p><br>
<p>Sophia Range: On Nootka Island, on the peninsula between Esperanza Inlet and Nuchatlitz Inlet</p><br>
<p>Genevieve Range: Nootka Island</p><br>
<p>Karmutzen Range: Between Nimpkish Lake, Tlakwa Creek and Karmuzten Creek</p><br>
<p>Hankin Range: Between Nimpkish Lake and Bonanza Lake</p><br>
<p>Franklin Range: Near Robson Bight on the Johnstone Strait between the Tsitika River and Kokish River</p><br>
<p>Bonanza Range: Between the Nimpkish River and the Tsitika River by Bonanza Lake</p><br>
<p>Sutton Range: Between Nimpkish River, White River, Oktwanch River, Gold River</p><br>
<p>Newcastle Range: Johnstone Strait, west of Sayward-Kelsey Bay and east/north of Adams River</p><br>
<p>Prince of Wales Range: East coast of Vancouver Island 40 km (25 mi) north of Campbell River</p><br>
<p>Halifax Range: Along Johnstone Strait between Amor de Cosmos Creek and Pye Creek</p><br>
<p>Beaufort Range: North of Port Alberni and west of Qualicum Beach</p><br>
<p>Pelham Range: Between the Sarita River and Alberni Inlet</p><br>
<p>Somerset Range: Between The Pacheena-Sarita River basins and the Klanawa River (between Nitinat Lake and Imperial Eagle Channel)</p><br>
<p>Seymour Range: Between the valley of Cowichan Lake, San Juan River and Gordon River</p><br>
<p>Gowlland Range: Near Victoria between Saanich Inlet and Brentwood Bay. Includes Mount Work Regional Park</p><br>
<p>Pierce Range: South of Gold River between the Jacklah River and the Burman River</p><br>
<p>Haihte Range: Between Tashsis River, the Nomash River, Zeballos Lake and Woss Lake</p><br>
<p>The Elk River Mountains, located in Strathcona Provincial Park, are sometimes classified as a range.</p><br>
<p>Saint Annes Hill Historic District is part of the Historic Inner East neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio, United States. St. Annes Hill constitutes a grouping of both vernacular and high style Victorian residences which date roughly from 1860 to the early 20th century. The neighborhood is significant for its German heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Past and Present</h2><br>
<h2>Historic District</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, St. Anne&#39;s Hill was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, bounded by Fourth, McClure, Josie, and High and Dutoit Sts., and Downtown Dayton (No. 86001214). City of Dayton Ordinance #24688.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of St. Anne&#39;s Hill Historic District includes examples of Second Empire, Romanesque and Queen Anne.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>In addition to bordering the Bomberger city park which contains Tennis & Basketball courts, a baseball diamond, soccer field and playground; there are several parks inside the district including Freds Park, Alices Park, Terry Street Park, and Victorian Park.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Cruz may also refer to two peaks in the Azores, one in Sete Cidades in the west of São Miguel and another in Terceira Island and a peak north of Funchal, Madeira Islands</p><br>
<p>Pico da Cruz (Portuguese meaning "peak of the cross") is a mountain in the eastern part of the island of Santo Antão. Its maximum elevation is 1585 m. It is 5 km southwest of the town Pombas (Paul). The mountain is of volcanic origin. It gives its name to the village of Pico da Cruz is some hundreds of meters to the west and forms a part of the municipality of Paul. The Paul-Porto Novo municipal boundary (also the Pico da Cruz-Ribeirão Frio communal and the natural park boundary) is around the area bordering 300 meters soufh.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Cruz forms a part of a protected area known as the Cova-Ribeira da Torre-Paul Natural Park.</p><br>
<p>Much of the area within the peak are forested which makes up of the Cape Verde Islands dry forests. Flora includes pines, some deciduous trees and smaller plants, especially endangered ones including Tornabenea insularis.</p><br>
<p>The area offers panoramic views including the Ribeira do Paul, Ribeira da Janela, the east of Porto Novo and the south of the island and the island of São Vicente and its surrounding islets.</p><br>
<p>Lindley Wood Reservoir is located in the Washburn valley north of Otley in Yorkshire, England. It was built between 1869 and 1876. The capacity is about 750 million gallons.</p><br>
<p>It was the first of a chain of four reservoirs built along the River Washburn. While the three higher reservoirs provide water to the city of Leeds, Lindley Wood provides compensation flows to the Washburn.</p><br>
<p>In 2002/03, the dam crest was raised 3m as the original height would have been overtopped during the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). This was part of a £6.5 million scheme to make Swinsty, Fewston and Lindley Wood reservoirs meet improved flood standards. The reservoir keeper&#39;s house at the dam was originally planned to be demolished during this work, but was built into the new, higher crest as bats were found to be living there.</p><br>
<p>Middle Dodd is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells. It stands above Kirkstone Pass on the road from Ullswater to Ambleside.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Middle Dodd is properly the northern ridge of Red Screes, but was given the status of a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here. His decision was based on its being "…the most striking object in a fine array of mountain scenery…"</p><br>
<p>The fell is named as the middle one of three Dodds when viewed from Hartsop, the others being (Low) Hartsop Dodd and High Hartsop Dodd. The names thus refer to position in the valley rather than height. All three present an imposing pyramidal profile when seen from below, totally obscuring their parent fells. Similarly, all three appear entirely derivative when viewed from other angles.</p><br>
<p>From the wide summit of Red Screes a narrowing ridge curves northward, passing around the rim of a cove on the Kirkstone side. The ridge, named Smallthwaite Band, narrows to a fine grassy promenade and then throws up the summit of Middle Dodd. Beyond this the character of the fell changes completely and a rough slope plunges straight down to the valley floor, 1,500 ft below.</p><br>
<p>The fell is bounded on either side by valleys of the Ullswater catchment. To the east is Kirkstone Beck, flowing from the summit of the pass with its famous inn. On the west is Caiston Glen, its beck descending from the walker&#39;s crossroads of Scandale Pass. These valleys meet beneath the nose of Middle Dodd and continue northward to Brothers Water.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Middle Dodd dacite forms the crest of the ridge, lying above the volcaniclastic laminated claystones and siltstone of the Esk Pike Formation.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of mining in Caiston Glen, with the mouth of a level opening about halfway up the beck. This was an unsuccessful trial for lead and extends about 80 ft into the fellside. There is a further small working nearby. There are also the remains of a trial for copper on the eastern flank of Middle Dodd, a 120 ft level being driven into the fell from close to the modern road.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Middle Dodd bears a small cairn on a neat grassy top. There is also a small trench here of uncertain origin. The view is remarkably good given the looming presence of Red Screes, with a distant vista of the Scafells completing the picture.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Middle Dodd is rarely climbed for its own sake, being merely a stop on the road to Red Screes. The nose of the fell provides the obvious route, starting from either Kirkstonefoot or Cow Bridge. This is unremittingly steep, but even harsher gradients can be found by making a pathless ascent from Red Pit on the Kirkstone road. A direct route contouring from Scandale Pass is also possible, but most would proceed via Red Screes from this point.</p><br>
<p>The River Eden is a river in Fife in Scotland, and is one of Fife&#39;s two principal rivers, along with the Leven. It is nearly 30 miles  long and has a fall of around 90 metres . It flows from Burnside, near the border with Perth & Kinross, then slowly across the Howe of Fife  and through the market town of Cupar to Guardbridge, where it enters the North Sea via the Eden Estuary, an important conservation area for wading birds and a nature reserve. The river holds a good stock of wild brown trout and hosts a fair run of sea trout and Atlantic salmon.</p><br>
<p>In previous centuries, its water was used to power mills on its banks, and there was a paper mill at Guardbridge until July 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Eden Estuary is a Local Nature Reserve (LNR) and, along with the Firth of Tay was designated a Ramsar site on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<p>Both estuaries play host to a variety of recreational activities. The Eden estuary, being significantly smaller than the Tay, has few boating opportunities but is an important recreation site for birdwatchers and naturalists, foreshore shellfish collectors, fishing enthusiasts and wildfowlers.</p><br>
<p>The Strand Theater is a vaudeville theater in Lakewood Township, Ocean County, New Jersey, United States, that has been included on the List of Registered Historic Places in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The theater was designed by Thomas Lamb, and built for the Ferber Amusement Company in 1922 as a place for pre-broadway runs of shows. The first event at the theater was a showing of a silent film, Peacock Alley starring Mae Murray. The next show was a pre-broadway run of "The Devine Cook" starring Florence Reed.</p><br>
<p>Within a few years of its opening, the Strand began to host vaudeville shows and silent films. Among the stars who appeared on the Strand&#39;s stage early in their careers included Burns and Allen, Milton Berle, and Ray Bolger.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the theater became a cinema house, and omitted the vaudeville acts. As suburban multiplex movie theaters were built, the single screen theater lost its audience. During its economic decline it became a porn theater in the 1970s. In 1981 the theater was added to the List of Registered Historic Places in New Jersey. In May 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The theater received a $2.4 million grant from the New Jersey Economic Development Authority in 1994 for restoration of its Neo-classical and Art Deco interiors. The theater serves as the Ocean County Center for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>Lake Pamvotida or Pamvotis , commonly also Lake of Ioannina  is the largest lake of Epirus, located in the central part of the Ioannina regional unit in northern Greece. The regional capital Ioannina to the west and the town of Perama to the north are urban settlements fringing the lake while the remaining of its periphery is composed of farmland. The lake features small fishing ports and a boating port. There is a regular boat service to the Ioannina Island. The Greek National Road 6 surrounds the northern half of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Pamvotida is situated at 470 m elevation, south of the Mitsikeli mountains. It is fed by several small rivers. It has no surface outflow, but it is drained through karstic sinkholes towards the rivers Arachthos, Louros and Kalamas. In 1960 a tunnel and ditch were constructed that drain from the northern end of the lake to the river Kalamas. The small inhabited Ioannina Island, where Ali Pasha was hiding during the last days of his reign, is situated near the northern shore.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Urbanisation and pollution are threatening the lake ecosystem, home to small mammals, waterbirds and a rich fish and crustacean fauna. Eutrophication results in algal blooms in summer. Lake Pamvotida is home to Tsima (Τσίμα), a species of fish endemic to the lake. Two bryozoan species have recently been reported from the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The State General Laboratory and the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina Region notified the results of analysis of samples from lake Pamvotis in order to ascertain the reasons that led to the death of a host of fish. As revealed by the results, the lake is impaired by pollutants from sewage, which significantly exceed permissible limits. According to what was said by the Head of State General Laboratory Department of Ioannina Anastasios Tsongas, the effluent is the same quality as those that led to biological treatment, with the difference being that these were channeled directly to the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker Hotel is a hotel located at the southeast corner of Broadway and 42nd Street in New York City. The name "Knickerbocker" is an iconic Dutch surname associated with New York City. Prominent longtime residents of the hotel included Enrico Caruso and George M. Cohan. Built by John Jacob Astor IV  as a showcase of luxury in a time of prosperity, the hostelry closed 15 years later because of financial decline.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was converted to offices in 1920 and was known as The Knickerbocker Building. It was the home of Newsweek magazine (1940–59) and became the Newsweek Building. After major renovations in 1980 it became known as 1466 Broadway and was used for many years as garment showrooms and offices. During this period it was later known as 6 Times Square. It was converted back to use as a hotel in 2013–15 under its original name.</p><br>
<p>The building is in the Beaux-Arts style, constructed of red brick with terracotta details and a prominent mansard roof. The architects were Marvin & Davis, with Bruce Price as consultant, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and designated a New York City Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original hotel</h3><br>
<p>A Philadelphia development group organized by J.E. and A.L. Pennock financed the construction of the hotel starting in 1903 on land owned by John Jacob Astor IV. The Pennocks hired architects Bruce Price and Marvin & Davis to design the French Renaissance-style building. One year later, in February 1904, the investment group that sponsored the developers collapsed and the building was left incomplete, with the exterior complete but housing just an empty shell. In May 1905, Astor assumed control of the project and engaged Trowbridge & Livingston, who had just designed his St. Regis Hotel, to complete the interiors.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker opened October 23, 1906, The $3.3 million hotel contained 556 rooms and luxurious restaurants and bars on the first three floors with seating for 2000 for after-theater dinner. Artist Maxfield Parrish was commissioned to paint a 30-foot-long mural of Old King Cole for the bar. Frederic Remington, Frederick MacMonnies and James Wall Finn also added decorations to the interiors. The bar became so popular that it was nicknamed "The 42nd Street Country Club".</p><br>
<p>The martini was said to have been invented by the hotel&#39;s house bartender in 1912. According to the story, one Martini di Arma di Taggia mixed dry vermouth and gin together and the mixture gained the favor of John D. Rockefeller. (In reality, Rockefeller was a lifelong abstainer from alcohol and tobacco. The actual origin of the martini has been traced to a different drink called "the Martinez".)</p><br>
<p>The world-famous opera singer Enrico Caruso was a longtime resident of the hotel until it was sold in 1920. He took all his meals at the hotel restaurant, always using the same set of cutlery. On Armistice Day, Caruso appeared at the window of his room and led the crowd outside in singing "The Star-Spangled Banner". He once gave his overcoat to a cold, homeless man on the sidewalk outside the hotel.</p><br>
<p>After John Jacob Astor IV died on the Titanic in 1912, his son Vincent Astor inherited the hotel. It continued to run successfully under James B. Regan, its operator since opening, until 1920, when Regan retired and surrendered his lease. Prohibition, enacted the year before in 1919, had impacted upon the hotel&#39;s business in its restaurants and bars, and Vincent decided to close the hotel and convert the structure into an office building.</p><br>
<h3>Office use</h3><br>
<p>Vincent Astor hired architect Charles A. Platt to design the conversion. The luxury hotel interiors were completely gutted and the ground levels were converted to stores, while the rest of the building was rebuilt as an office building, with rents from $4 to $5 per square foot, The Old King Cole painting was loaned for a time to the Racquet and Tennis Club on Park Avenue, before being installed permanently at The St. Regis Hotel in 1935. The building became home to Newsweek magazine from 1940 to 1959 and was known as The Newsweek Building.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, with the office market in a slump, investors Harry Helmsley and David Baldwin converted the office building to residential lofts, with the name 1466 Broadway. However the commercial market quickly recovered and the residential units were instead rented as showrooms and studios for companies in the Garment District. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places April 11, 1980.</p><br>
<h3>Reuse as hotel</h3><br>
<p>In 2004, SL Green sold the building, by then known as 6 Times Square, to Sitt Asset Management, which in turn sold the building in 2006 to Istithmar Hotels, an investment group from the Royal family of Dubai. Istithmar announced plans to convert the building back into a five-star hotel, but they were unable to fulfill their debt obligation and surrendered the property to their lender in early March 2010.</p><br>
<p>In early February 2012, FelCor Lodging Trust, a USA Real estate investment trust, acquired the building at a cost of $115 million. FelCor renovated the property for an additional $115 million, completely gutting it, with the exception of the historic facade, and converting it to a modern 330-room hotel. The project was designed by Peter Poon Architects. The hotel reopened on February 12, 2015, under its original name, The Knickerbocker Hotel. It offers 300 rooms, including 27 Junior Suites and 4 Signature Suites. It also features a restaurant, a coffee shop and a roof bar overlooking Times Square.</p><br>
<p>A remnant of the past is a sign for the hotel that can be found in the New York City Subway. The "Knickerbocker" sign is posted over a doorway that once connected to the hotel at the east end of the platform for Track 1 on the 42nd Street Shuttle.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald mentions the hotel in book 2, chapter 2, headings 1 and 2</p><br>
<p>In the Isaac Bell series by Clive Cussler, the hotel is the New York Headquarters for the Van Dorn private detectives</p><br>
<p>Peștera cu Oase  is a system of 12 karstic galleries and chambers located near the city Anina, in the Caraș-Severin county, southwestern Romania, where some of the oldest early modern human remains in Europe  have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 genetics research revealed that the Oase 1 fossil had a recent Neanderthal ancestor, with an estimated 5-11% Neanderthal autosomal DNA. The specimen&#39;s 12th chromosome was also 50% Neanderthal.</p><br>
<h2>The cave</h2><br>
<p>In February 2002, a speleological team exploring the karstic system of Miniș Valley, in the southwestern Carpathian Mountains near Anina, revealed a previously unknown chamber with a profusion of mammalian skeletal remains. The cave, which seemed to have served primarily as hibernation room for the Late Pleistocene cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), presented unusual arrangements such as the placement of some remains on raised rocks, suggesting a certain human involvement in the accumulated deposits. In fact, speleologists Ștefan Milota, Adrian Bîlgăr and Laurențiu Sarcina discovered a complete human mandible on the paleosurface. The karstic chamber was designated as "Peștera cu Oase" (The Cave with Bones) and the human mandible as "Oase 1".</p><br>
<p>The latest radiocarbon dates of the Oase fossils give an age of 37,800 years BP.</p><br>
<h2>Oase 1</h2><br>
<p>In June 2003 a further research team with Ștefan Milota, Ricardo Rodrigo and Mircea Gherase discovered additional human remains on the cave&#39;s surface. Thus, an entire anterior cranial skeleton was found along with a largely complete left temporal bone and a number of frontal, parietal and occipital bone segments.</p><br>
<p>"Oase 1" exhibits morphological traits from early modern humans and archaic humans, including Neanderthal features.</p><br>
<p>DNA analysis of Oase 1 since 2015 has made a number of significant findings.</p><br>
<p>About 6-9% of the genome is Neanderthal in origin. This is the highest percentage of archaic introgression found in an anatomically modern human and together with the linkage disequilibrium patterns indicates that Oase 1 had a relatively-recent Neanderthal ancestor – about four to six generations earlier.</p><br>
<p>The autosomal DNA of Oase 1 by Fu et al. (2015) indicates that he (as it was a male) may have shared more alleles with modern East Asian populations than with modern Europeans. However Oase shared equal alleles with Mesolithic Europeans and East Eurasians suggesting non-European admixture in modern Europeans</p><br>
<p>Oase 1 belongs to an extinct Y-DNA haplogroup and an extinct mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.</p><br>
<p>Research by Poznik et al. (2016) suggests that Oase 1 Y-DNA belongs to haplogroup K2a*. That is, Oase 1 possesses SNPS similar to Ust&#39;-Ishim man (also K2a*), 45,000-year-old remains from Siberia, and upstream from a rare lineage found in two living males (from ethnic Telugu and Malay backgrounds, respectively, for whom Poznik et al. proposed the creation of a new subclade, named "K2a1"). (Earlier research by Fu et al. reported that Oase 1 belonged to a subclade of Y-DNA haplogroup F, other than haplogroups G, H, I and J – leaving open the possibility that Oase 1 belonged to macrohaplogroup K.)</p><br>
<p>According to Fu, Oase-1 belongs to a basal subclade of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup N. and Somalia, albeit only at levels of 20–24%. It is also found at low frequencies among Algerians and Reguibate Sahrawi.)</p><br>
<h2>Oase 2 and 3</h2><br>
<p>While "Oase 1" lower jaw is fully mature, the facial skeleton is that of a mid-second-decade adolescent, therefore corresponding to a second individual, designated as "Oase 2". Further analyses have revealed that the left temporal bone represents a third individual, assessed as adolescent versus mature female, designated as "Oase 3". The lack of archaeological signs such as torches, charcoal or tools could suggest that the human remains may have washed in the cave through fissures.</p><br>
<p>The "Oase 2" and "Oase 3" confirm a pattern already known from the probably contemporaneous "Oase 1" mandible, indicating a mixture of archaic, early modern human and Neanderthal morphological features. Thus, the specimens exhibit a suite of derived "modern human" features like projecting chin, no brow ridge, a high and rounded brain case. Yet, these features are associated with several archaic aspects of the cranium and dentition that place them outside the range of variation for modern humans, like a large face, a large crest of bone behind the ear and big teeth that get even larger toward the back. This mosaic of Neanderthal and modern human resembles similar traits found in a 25,000 years old fossil of a child in Abrigo do Lagar Velho or in the 31,000 years old site of Mladeč, by Cidália Duarte, et al. (1999).</p><br>
<h2>Current research</h2><br>
<p>Peștera cu Oase is subject to ongoing investigation. The on-site findings from the 2005 campaign are currently cross-examined at the Romanian "Emil Racoviță" Institute of Speleology, Australian National University, (electron spin resonance and uranium-series dating on 21 bone/tooth samples and 29 associated sediment samples), University of Bristol, (uranium-series analysis on 22 bone samples), University of Bergen, (uranium-series dating on 7 samples), University of Oxford (AMS radiocarbon dating on 8 bone/tooth samples), Max Planck Institute (stable isotope analysis and ancient DNA on 37 bone/tooth samples), University of Vienna (AMS radiocarbon dating on 25 bone/tooth samples).</p><br>
<p>A skull found in Peștera cu Oase in 2004/5 bears features of both modern humans and Neanderthals. According to a paper by Erik Trinkaus and others, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in January, 2007, this finding suggests that the two groups interbred thousands of years ago. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the skull is 37,800 years old, making it amongst the oldest modern human fossils ever found in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Implications for research</h2><br>
<p>The marked contrast between the morphological modernity of "early modern" humans and even late "classical Neanderthal" trait-packages, as well as mitochondrial aDNA differences have suggested a major physical anthropological discontinuity and hence, a complete population replacement at the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition, leading to what one might call "Out of Africa with Complete Replacement" model.</p><br>
<p>However, more recent direct dating of fossils has demonstrated that early modern human remains were instead of the mid/late Holocene, hence much younger than supposed.</p><br>
<p>In this context, the particular importance of the "Peștera cu Oase" findings resides both in the mixture of modern human and archaic (Neanderthal) features and in the fact that they are sufficiently complete to be taxonomically diagnosed and directly dated. Thus, the Oase fossils overlap in time for some 3000 years with late Neanderthals like those of Vindija Cave (Croatia) dated to ~32,000 radiocarbon years BP or less for Arcy-sur-Cure (France) at ~34,000 radiocarbon years BP. Besides, the notion that the Oase people are very close to the time of contact with Neanderthals is consistent with their archaic traits, and finds additional support in the patterns of spatio-temporal distribution of the latest Neanderthal remains.</p><br>
<p>Since genetics does not reject the hypothesis of a Neanderthal-modern admixture, and morphological and archaeological evidence suggest that Neanderthal lineages survived into later Upper Paleolithic populations, "Peștera cu Oase" findings provide a strong argument in favor of an admixture model between regional Neanderthals and early modern humans.</p><br>
<p>Arguing with chronological overlapping and morphological blending, this model assumes significant Neanderthal/modern human admixture, suggesting that already on their arrival in Europe, modern humans met, intermixed and interbred with Neanderthals.</p><br>
<p>Basically, the multiregional evolution model suggests that:</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mountain is a mountain near Kiama in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The mountain rises to about 600 m above sea level on the Illawarra escarpment and has views of Noorinan Mountain, 662 m above sea level, and Barren Grounds Plateau to the west and south to Coolangatta Mountain and Pigeon House Mountain to Ulladulla, and north over Lake Illawarra, the Illawarra escarpment and to the Cronulla Sandhills and Kurnell Oil Refinery on a clear day.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>When viewed from Kiama and Shellharbour it has a distinctive saddle-shaped peak and is connected to the southernmost tip of the Illawarra Escarpment (though the escarpment itself continues into Kangaroo Valley), Noorinan Mountain by a high ridge, on which is Hoddles Track, built by early surveyor Hoddle and which once stretched from Bowral to Kiama before a more suitable route was found quickly over the escarpment. This section goes to the edge of Barren Grounds Plateau (Noorinan Mountain) but does not allow access into the Barren Grounds reserve. An offshoot track goes to Foxground to the south of Noorinan Mountain promontory.</p><br>
<p>Its summit is reached by Saddleback Mountain Road, which goes from Kiama to the summit via a steep turn-off from the main road. This section is often used by walkers and cars but buses are not allowed due to the risk. Saddleback lookout, near the electric towers on the summit and the western and southern lookouts, has fine views and is popular with tourists and motorists who drive up the winding picturesque road to the summit which passed dairy country common in the area. The lookout is on a wooden projected deck, with fine views of Noorinan Mountain, Knights Hill, Lake Illiawarra, Stockyard Mountain and other features of the plain. The chimneys of Port Kembla stand out near the horizon. The west lookout looks to Noorinan Mountain promontory and at the Barren Grounds Plateau, and, to the south, Fox Mountain, Mount Coolangatta and the Shoalhaven River.</p><br>
<p>The foothills go down to Kiama and Gerringong and the sea and down to Jamberoo Valley and the Minnamurra River. The entire area was once covered by a subtropical rainforest known as the Illawarra Scrub but is now restricted to a small area around the summit lookout. The foothills include much dairy farming, and many historic dry walls remain. On the eastern ridge of the mountain is Saddleback House and in the northern foothills is Jerrara Dam, the region&#39;s first water supply, built in the 19th century. Just north of the summit is a second peak, lesser known, called Mount Brandon. Approximately 3 km south is Fox Mountain, an extension of Saddleback with its own peak.</p><br>
<p>It is a collapsed volcanic vent.</p><br>
<p>The Jews House is one of the earliest extant town houses in England. It is situated on Steep Hill in Lincoln, immediately below Jews Court. The house has traditionally been associated with the thriving Jewish community in Medieval Lincoln. Anti-Semitic hysteria was stoked up by the case of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in 1255, and in 1290, the entire Jewish community was expelled from England, the Jew&#39;s House supposedly being seized from a Jewish owner. The building has remained continuously occupied to the present day. Since about 1973 it has been used as a restaurant and previous to that it was an antiques shop.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Jew’s House is built in the local limestone in the Norman or Romanesque style. Dating from the mid-twelfth century, the building originally consisted of a hall at first floor level, measuring approximately 12 by 6 metres, above service and storage spaces at ground level.</p><br>
<p>Part of the façade survives; the elaborately carved doorway, the remains of two Romanesque double-arch windows and much of the stonework on the upper storey. A chimney breast rises over the arch above the front door, serving the fireplace on the upper floor. There were once two columns supporting the arch, but these have gone.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera is a vast, deeply dissected chain of mountain ranges extending along the northeastern flank of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from Ellesmere Island to the northeasternmost part of the Labrador Peninsula in northern Labrador and northern Quebec, Canada. It spans most of the eastern coast of Nunavut with high glaciated peaks rising through icefields and some of Canada&#39;s largest ice caps, including the Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island. It is bounded to the east by Baffin Bay, Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea while its northern portion is bounded by the Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The range is mostly located in Nunavut but extends southeast into the northernmost tip of Labrador and northeastern Quebec. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with mountains reaching heights more than 2,000 m. The highest of the group is Barbeau Peak on Ellesmere Island at 2,616 m, which is the highest point in eastern North America. The system is also one of Canada&#39;s three mountain systems, the others being the Western Cordillera of Western Canada and the Canadian extension of the Appalachian Mountains into the Gaspé Peninsula and Atlantic Provinces.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera is a narrow ecozone compared to other Canadian ecozones. The majority of this ecozone borders the Northern Arctic, while the small segment within Labrador borders the Taiga Shield. However, bordering the Taiga Shield seems to affect neither itself nor the ecozones it borders because their biological properties appear to be opposites (cold climate versus warm climate; different species of plants and animals). While the Arctic Cordillera mountain system includes most of the Arctic islands and regions such as Bathurst Island, Cornwall Island, Amund Ringnes Island, Ellef Ringnes Island, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, Bylot Island and Labrador, the Arctic Cordillera Ecozone only covers Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, Axel Heiberg Island, Bylot Island and Labrador.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Regions</h3><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera contains numerous regions. Much of Ellesmere Island is covered by the Arctic Cordillera, making it the most mountainous in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is considered part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, with Cape Columbia being the most northerly point of land in Canada. It encompasses an area of 196,235 km&sup2, making it the worlds tenth largest island and Canadas third largest island. The first inhabitants of Ellesmere Island were small bands of Inuit drawn to the area for Peary caribou, muskox, and marine mammal hunting about 1000–2000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Axel Heiberg Island is one of the several members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the largest of the Sverdrup Islands. It has been inhabited in the past by Inuit people but was uninhabited by the time it was named by Otto Sverdrup, who explored it around 1900. In 1959, scientists from McGill University explored Expedition Fiord in central Axel Heiberg Island. This resulted in the establishment of the McGill Arctic Research Station, constructed 8 km inland from Expedition Fjord in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Baffin Island is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest island in the world, with an area of 507,451 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The largest uninhabited island on Earth, Devon Island is the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, the 27th largest island in the world and Canada&#39;s 6th largest island. An outpost was established at Dundas Harbour in August 1924 as part of a government presence intended to curb foreign whaling and other activity.</p><br>
<p>Much of Bylot Island is covered by the Arctic Cordillera. At 11,067 km&sup2; it is ranked 71st largest island in the world and Canada&#39;s 17th largest island. While there are no permanent settlements on this Canadian Arctic island, Inuit from Pond Inlet and elsewhere regularly travel to it.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>More than one-fifth of Ellesmere Island is protected as Quttinirpaaq National Park (formerly Ellesmere Island National Park), which includes seven fjords and a variety of glaciers, as well as Lake Hazen, the worlds largest lake north of the Arctic Circle. Barbeau Peak, the highest mountain in Nunavut (2,616 m) is located in the British Empire Range on Ellesmere Island. The most northern mountain range in the world, the Challenger Mountains, is located in the northwest region of the island. The northern lobe of the island is called Grant Land. In July 2007, a study noted the disappearance of habitat for waterfowl, invertebrates, and algae on Ellesmere Island. According to John P. Smol of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and Marianne S. V. Douglas of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, warming conditions and evaporation have caused low water level changes in the chemistry of ponds and wetlands in the area. The researchers noted, "In the 1980s they often needed to wear hip waders to make their way to the ponds...while by 2006 the same areas were dry enough to burn.</p><br>
<p>Sirmilik National Park in northern Baffin Island harbours large populations of thick-billed murres, black-legged kittiwakes and greater snow geese. The park comprises three areas, Bylot Island, Oliver Sound and the Borden Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Auyuittuq National Park, located on Baffin Islands Cumberland Peninsula, features the many terrains of Arctic wilderness such as fjords, glaciers, and ice fields. In Inuktitut – the language of Nunavuts Aboriginal people, Inuit – Auyuittuq means "the land that never melts". Although Auyuittuq was established in 1976 as a national park reserve, it was upgraded to a full national park in 2000. Well-known peaks in the park include Mount Asgard and Mount Thor, with a 1,250 m, 105° face.</p><br>
<p>The Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve, located on the Labrador Peninsula, covers much of the southern end of the Arctic Cordillera. It protects many of the Arctic wildlife, such as caribou, polar bears, peregrine falcon and the golden eagle. The park was first established on January 22, 2005, making it the first national park to be created in Labrador.</p><br>
<h3>Glaciers and ice caps</h3><br>
<p>The drier northern section of the Arctic Cordillera is largely covered with ice caps while glaciers are more common at the more humid southern end. Large portions of Ellesmere Island are covered with glaciers and ice, with Manson Icefield and Sydkap in the south; Prince of Wales Icefield and Agassiz Ice Cap along the central-east side of the island, along with substantial ice cover in Northern Ellesmere Island. The northwest coast of Ellesmere Island was covered by a massive, 500 km long ice shelf until the 20th century. The Ellesmere ice shelf reduced by 90 percent in the twentieth century due to global warming, leaving the separate Alfred Ernest, Ayles, Milne, Ward Hunt, and Markham Ice Shelves. A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that 48 km&sup2; 3.3 km3 of ice calved from the Milne and Ayles ice shelves between 1959 and 1974. The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (greater than 10 m) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 km of ice in a massive calving in 1961-1962. It further decreased by 27% in thickness (13 m, 43 ft) between 1967 and 1999. The breakup of the Ellesmere ice shelves has continued in the 21st century: the Ward Ice Shelf experienced a major breakup during summer 2002; the Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on August 13, 2005; the largest breakoff of the ice shelf in 25 years, it may pose a threat to the oil industry in the Beaufort Sea. The piece is 66 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Barnes icecap is found in the central part of the Baffin Island and it has been in retreat since at least the early 1960s when the Geographical Branch of the then Department of Mines & Technical Surveys sent a three-man survey team to the area to measure isostatic rebound and cross-valley features of the Isortoq River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The northern portion of the Arctic Cordillera was uplifted during the Innuitian orogeny when the North American Plate moved northward during the mid-Mesozoic. It contains igneous and metamorphic rocks, but for the most part is composed of sedimentary rocks. Mountains on Axel Heiberg Island consist mainly of long ridges of folded mid-Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata with minor igneous intrusions.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera is younger than the Appalachians, and so erosion has not had time to reduce it to rounded hills. The mountains are also barren because trees can neither survive the extremely cold winter temperatures, nor grow during the short summers. Vast areas are covered by permanent ice and snow. The Arctic Cordillera resembles the Appalachians in composition and contain similar types of minerals. The mineral resources have not been greatly exploited, however, because the region&#39;s remote location makes development too costly when cheaper alternatives exist further south.</p><br>
<p>Mountains on southeastern Ellesmere Island are principally made of granitic gneiss, migmatic, undifferentiated intrusive and volcanic rocks. They are typified by being highly eroded, with conspicuous deep vertical fissures and narrow ledges.</p><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera form the eastern edge of the Canadian Shield, which covers much of Canada&#39;s landscape. Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanism</h3><br>
<p>Mountains of volcanic rock range in age from 1.2 billion to 65 million years old. The Late Cretaceous Ellesmere Island Volcanics has been uncertainly associated to both the early volcanic activity of the Iceland hotspot and the Alpha Ridge. Even though these volcanics are about 90 million years old, the volcanoes and cinder can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>The Late Cretaceous Strand Fiord Formation is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge, a volcanic ridge that was active during the formation of the Amerasian Basin. The formation is part of the thick Sverdrup Basin succession and immediately precedes the final basin foundering event. The Strand Fiord volcanics are encased in marine strata and thin southward from a maximum thickness of more than 789 m on northwestern Axel Heiberg to a zero edge near the southern shore of the island. Tholeiitic icelandite basalt flows are the main constituent of the formation with pyroclastic conglomerates, sandstones, mudrocks and rare coal seams are also present. The lava flows range in thickness from 6 to 60 m and subaerial flows predominate. Both pahoehoe and aa lava types are common and the volcanic pile accumulated mostly by the quiet effusion of lavas. The pyroclastic lithologies become more common near the southern and eastern edges of the formation and represent lahars and beach to shallow marine reworked deposits. The formation contains flood basalts which are found on western Axel Heiberg Island at Dragon Cliffs 300 m tall. It contains columnar jointing units that are usually 1 to 3 m in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The Bravo Lake Formation in central Baffin Island is a rare alkaline-suite that formed as a result of submarine rifting during the Paleoproterozoic period. The lavas of the volcanic belt display geochemical characteristics similar to modern ocean-island-basalt groups. The range from moderately to intensely fractionated REE-profiles is similar to that from tholeiitic basalts to extremely alkaline lavas in Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>Highest peaks</h2><br>
<h2>Mountain ranges</h2><br>
<p>Several subranges of the Arctic Cordillera have official names. These are:</p><br>
<h3>Axel Heiberg Island</h3><br>
<p>Geodetic Hills</p><br>
<p>Joy Range</p><br>
<p>Princess Margaret Range</p><br>
<p>Swiss Range</p><br>
<p>White Triplets Peaks</p><br>
<h3>Baffin Island</h3><br>
<p>Baffin Mountains</p><br>
<p>Bruce Mountains</p><br>
<p>Everett Mountains</p><br>
<p>Hartz Mountains</p><br>
<p>Krag Mountains</p><br>
<p>Precipitous Mountains</p><br>
<h3>Bathurst Island</h3><br>
<p>Grogan Morgan Range</p><br>
<p>Jeffries Range</p><br>
<p>Scoresby Hills</p><br>
<p>Stokes Range</p><br>
<h3>Bylot Island</h3><br>
<p>Byam Martin Mountains</p><br>
<h3>Devon Island</h3><br>
<p>Cunningham Mountains</p><br>
<p>Douro Range</p><br>
<p>Grinnell Range</p><br>
<p>Haddington Range</p><br>
<p>Treuter Mountains</p><br>
<h3>Ellesmere Island</h3><br>
<p>Blackwelder Mountains</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountains</p><br>
<p>Boulder Hills</p><br>
<p>British Empire Range</p><br>
<p>Challenger Mountains</p><br>
<p>Conger Range</p><br>
<p>Garfield Range</p><br>
<p>Inglefield Mountains</p><br>
<p>Krieger Mountains</p><br>
<p>Osborn Range</p><br>
<p>Prince of Wales Mountains</p><br>
<p>Sawtooth Range</p><br>
<p>Thorndike Peaks</p><br>
<p>United States Range</p><br>
<p>Victoria and Albert Mountains</p><br>
<h3>Île Vanier</h3><br>
<p>Adam Range</p><br>
<h3>Labrador and Quebec</h3><br>
<p>Torngat Mountains</p><br>
<p>Selamiut Range</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Not much can grow in the severe environment, where killing frost can come at any time during the year and even soil is rare. Three-quarters of the land is bare rock, and even lichen have a hard time of it. Trees are hardly noticeable. Plants that do grow in the region are mostly tiny species that often grow in thick isolating mats to protect themselves from the cold or are covered in thick hairs that help to insulate and to protect them from the harsh wind.</p><br>
<p>Some of the plant species found are Arctic black spruce, Arctic willow, cottongrass, crustose lichens, kobresia, moss species, wood rush, wire rush, purple saxifrage, Dryas species, sedges, Diapensia lapponica, Arctic poppy, mountain avens, mountain sorrel, river beauty, moss campion, bilberry, and Arctic white heather.</p><br>
<p>The conditions here are far too severe for reptiles and amphibians to survive, and insects are also rare in the region. Muskoxen and barren-ground caribou are the only large herbivores in this environment, while polar bears and the Arctic wolf are the only large carnivores to be found in the region. Smaller herbivores include the Arctic hare and the collared lemming. Arctic foxes and stoats are some of the smaller carnivores found in the region. Marine mammals include narwhals, beluga whales, walrus, and ringed and bearded seals.</p><br>
<p>The furry-legged rock ptarmigan is a widespread bird in this region. Typical birds of prey include the gyrfalcon and snowy owl. Some of the more widespread shore and seabirds are the thick-billed murre, black-legged kittiwake, ruddy turnstone, red knot, black guillemot, widespread ringed plover, little ringed plover and northern fulmar. Songbirds found in the Arctic Cordillera include the hoary redpoll, common redpoll, snow bunting, and Lapland longspur. The snow goose, common and king eider, and red-throated loon are some species of waterfowl that live in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Arctic Cordillera has one of Canada&#39;s most inhospitable climates. During winter, the temperature averages at -35 &deg;C, and is very dark and long, while it is somewhat milder and more humid in the southernmost portions of the cordillera. Only about 2,600 people live in the region, found primarily in the communities of Clyde River, Qikiqtarjuaq (formerly known as Broughton Island), and Pond Inlet. The communities are rather small, with the populations being 820, 473 and 1,315 respectively in 2006. Most of the people who live in the region survive by hunting, fishing, and trapping.</p><br>
<p>Tree stumps were discovered in 1985 on Axel Heiberg Island dating back 40 million years, indicating this northerly part of the cordillera was warmer and wetter than its present-day climate.</p><br>
<p>Brush Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in the Allegheny Mountains of central Pennsylvania, USA, running east of the Allegheny Front and west of Tussey Mountain. It lies along the southeast side of Little Juniata River and both sides of the Sinking Run, and is the westernmost ridge in its section of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The western ridge line separates the Logan Valley from the Sinking Valley.</p><br>
<p>Brush Mountain lies entirely in Blair County. It runs from the water gap formed with Bald Eagle Mountain by the Little Juniata River at Tyrone, south to the Sinking Valley anticline fold near Altoona then north to the Canoe Valley syncline fold, where the ridge becomes Canoe Mountain, a distance of approximately 30 miles (44 km).</p><br>
<p>No major roads or rivers cross the ridge or run through gaps. Kettle Reservoir collects surface runoff from a small area in the fold, and the dam was made by filling in a small ravine. Kettle Road, a secondary road, also runs through the ravine near the dam to the Sinking Valley. A major power transmission line crosses the ridge twice, midway between the folds.</p><br>
<p>The Brush Mountain Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes. This ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. The fold at the south end of Brush Mountain forms a gap in the chain, with the continuation of the ridge line 10 km south on Dunning Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 166 lies in the valley between Canoe Mountain and Brush Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Tornado</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after 11:00 a.m. EST on July 19, 1996, an F1 tornado touched down northeast of Altoona approximately 1 mile northwest of Sickles Corner on Brush Mountain. This tornado moved southeast taking down a swath of trees along the mountain and causing minor damage to homes along a 1.5 mile path before ending one half mile southeast of Sickles Corner. The path width averaged about one half mile wide. This storm was the fourth in the family of tornadoes that had crossed Clarion, Jefferson, Indiana, Clearfield and Cambria counties.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As part of the Allegheny Mountains, Brush Mountain is in the northern portion of the Ridge and Valley province of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range. Bald Eagle Mountain, and neighboring Tussey Mountain ridge, are made up of Paleozoic rocks, consisting of Ordovician Bald Eagle Formation (sandstone), Juniata Formation (shale and siltstone), and Silurian Tuscarora Formation (Quartzite) that were folded during the Appalachian orogeny in the Permian period, then eroded down to their present form.</p><br>
<p>The Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than the Bald Eagle Sandstone, and both are more resistant than the Juniata formation between them or the other formations stratigraphically above and below them. The two sandstones thus form a double ridge line with the harder Tuscarora at the crest.</p><br>
<p>On the north end of the mountain, the rock layers are tipped near vertical, and the mountain has the same double crested ridge shape as the Bald Eagle ridge extending to the north, with the crests near the center of the harder rock layers. A little further south, there are several fault lines running across the ridge, and the rock layers then slope down to the west. This leaves the Tuscarora formation more parallel to the steeper western slope, with the crest marking the dividing line between the layers. The tougher rock also protected the slope from erosion, leaving a higher southern ridge line.</p><br>
<p>The tilted aspect of the rock layers leaves the Juniata formation more perpendicular to the upper portion of the shallower opposite slope, below the steep crest. The Bald Eagle formation below holds back the eroding rock, creating a shelf above a steeper lower slope running down to the Sinking Valley. The drainage in the shelf area cut a series of small ravines, leaving terraces between them. The terraces wrap around the inside of the anticline fold around the Sinking Valley, and then around the outside of the reverse fold on Canoe Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Tinker Swiss Cottage is a historic house museum and park in Rockford, Illinois, United States. It was built as a personal residence by Robert Hall Tinker between 1865-1870. It is now a popular destination for school groups, general tours, and for rentals.</p><br>
<p>Robert Hall Tinker was born on December 31, 1836 in Honolulu to missionary parents, the Reverend Reuben Tinker (1799–1854) and his wife Mary Throop Wood Tinker (1809–1895).</p><br>
<p>Tinker moved to Rockford in 1856, where he was employed as an accountant by Mary Dorr Manny, the wealthy widow of John H. Manny of the Manny Reaper Works. Robert Tinker traveled extensively throughout Europe in 1862 and was greatly impressed by the estates and gardens he had seen there. On his return to Rockford, Tinker built himself a 27-room Swiss-style cottage on a limestone bluff overlooking the Kent Creek. In 1870 Robert and Mary were married, becoming one of Rockford&#39;s most influential couples. Tinker was mayor of Rockford in 1875, a founding member of the Rockford Park District and the CEO of the Northwest and I C Rail lines.</p><br>
<p>Mary Dorr Manny Tinker died in 1901 and Robert remarried her niece Jessie Dorr Hurd Tinker. His second wife adopted a son, Theodore "Teddy" Tinker in 1908. Upon Robert Tinker&#39;s death in 1924, Jessie created a partnership with the Rockford Park District, allowing her to remain in the house until her death. After her death in 1942 the Rockford Park District acquired the property and opened the home as a museum in 1943. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on December 27, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Most striking is the interior for its dimensions including the high ceilings, angled roof, and unique designs in many of the first floor rooms. Many elements of the house were created or inspired by the ideas of Tinker, including the walnut spiral staircase made by Robert out of a single piece of wood and the rooms with rounded corners. The museum contains all the original objects from the family from furniture, and artwork, to clothing and diaries.</p><br>
<p>Tinker Swiss Cottage was featured on season 8, episode 20 of Ghost Hunters, and offers monthly paranormal tours.</p><br>
<p>Evitts Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in the Ridge and Valley region of the Appalachian Mountains, located in Bedford County, Pennsylvania and Allegany County, Maryland</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The ridge line runs north from Rocky Gap State Park in Maryland, across the Mason–Dixon line into Pennsylvania and then to the west Martin Hill, passing very near Tussey Mountain in Snake Spring Valley. The ridge then turns west, wrapping around north of Bedford, Pennsylvania to its intersection with Dunning Mountain, dividing Dunning Cove from Morrison Cove. The Raystown Branch Juniata River passes through "The Narrows", a prominent water gap along with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the now dismantled Bedford and Bridgeport Railroad near Bedford, Pennsylvania. Evitts Creek runs through the base of the Mountain in Rocky Gap State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is named in honor of an early pioneer in Allegany County, Maryland and Bedford County, Pennsylvania, thought by some to have gone by the last name of "Evart" (Evett, Evert, and Evit have also been proposed). In the 1780s, Mr. Evart decided to contemplate his bachelorhood from the isolated mountain top of what is today Evitts Mountain, at 39&deg;43&prime;13&Prime;N latitude, 78&deg;39&prime;35&Prime;W longitude, now in Rocky Gap State Park, far from the comforts of society. At the top of the 2,000 ft mountain lies what its allegedly Mr. Evart&#39;s old homestead, from which he would return by the same route every day hiking a steep 3.5 mi trail, now called Evitts Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Old Mobile Site was the location of the French settlement La Mobile and the associated Fort Louis de La Louisiane, in the French colony of New France in North America, from 1702 until 1712. The site is located in Le Moyne, Alabama, on the Mobile River in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. The settlement served as the capital of French Louisiana from 1702 until 1711, when the capital was relocated to the site of present-day Mobile, Alabama. The settlement was founded and originally governed by Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. Upon the death of dIberville , the settlement was governed by his younger brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. The site can be considered a French colonial counterpart to the English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The settlement site and fort were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1976. The Old Mobile Site was determined eligible for designation as a National Historic Landmark on January 3, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Factors leading to founding of Mobile</h3><br>
<p>Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Spain&#39;s power began to wane, allowing France to play an increasingly dominant role in Continental Europe while England became more active in the New World. Under Louis XIV and his brilliant ministers, France created an army which intimidated Continental Europe and a navy which was strong enough to support the exploration and settlement of Canada. In 1608, the French flag flew over Quebec.</p><br>
<p>Jesuit missionaries spread out to convert the Indians. Three such missionaries, Father Jacques Marquette, Father Joseph Limoges, and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi River. René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle floated down the river in 1682 and claimed the entire Mississippi basin for France in the name of Louis XIV. France soon realized that in order to counter English and Spanish influence in the region and to protect Louisiana and the Mississippi River they needed a fort on the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>After the ascent of William and Mary to the throne of England in 1688, hostilities between England and France grew, increasing the urgency for a French settlement on the Gulf Coast. By controlling the Gulf Coast, the Alabama river valleys, the Mississippi River, the Ohio Valley, and Canada, France could surround the English and confine them to the Eastern Seaboard. The stakes, vast reaches of land and the lucrative Indian fur trade, were enormous.</p><br>
<h3>The Le Moyne brothers: Iberville and Bienville</h3><br>
<p>Pierre Le Moyne dIberville was born in Montreal to a French emigrant. During the first of the French and Indian Wars, King Williams War, he attacked the English in the Canadian area with such ferocity and success that he became a hero in the French court. With his seamanship and leadership, he was a natural choice to lead the proposed French settlement.</p><br>
<p>The younger brother of Iberville was Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, an energetic man with a clear perception of his responsibilities. Consistent with the autocratic nature of the French government, Bienville ruled with authority when governor of Louisiana. Despite this style of governance, he inspired loyalty from his followers. He supported the Jesuits but was also willing to use them to his advantage. An understanding of Indian culture and Indian languages allowed him to establish friendships and alliances with Indian tribes. While normally kind and gentle, Bienville could also be cruel, causing men to both respect and fear him.</p><br>
<p>Two additional Le Moyne brothers, Joseph Le Moyne de Sérigny and Antoine Le Moyne de Châteaugué, contributed to Old Mobile by successfully repelling attacks by Indian tribes and English and Spanish forces.</p><br>
<h3>Exploration and site selection</h3><br>
<p>Shortly after King William&#39;s War had ended, Iberville sailed from Brest, France, with orders to establish a fort at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Accompanying Iberville on the voyage were Bienville, soldiers, and 200 colonists (including four women and children). The Le Moyne brothers arrived in Pensacola Bay on January 27, 1699, and were surprised to find that Spaniards from Vera Cruz had arrived three months earlier.</p><br>
<p>The French sailed on to Mobile Point (located at the western extreme of the peninsula that extends across much of Mobile Bay&#39;s mouth) and cast anchor on January 31 at the "mouth of La Mobilla". The group scouted a large island that, due to finding a group of 60 corpses on the island, Iberville named "Massacre Island" (later renamed "Dauphin Island"). From the top of an oak tree, Iberville could observe brackish water flowing from a river into the bay. He did not, however, detect the harbor on the northeast side of the island. After determining that the bay was too shallow, the party sailed onward.</p><br>
<p>The sailing party next visited the area of present-day Biloxi, Mississippi (or Old Biloxi). On March 2, 1699, Iberville discovered the mouth of the Mississippi and sailed up the river looking for a suitable landing site. Based on the low and marshy banks, it was concluded that no suitable location for a settlement was available in the area. After retracing his route to Biloxi, Iberville landed and constructed Fort Maurepas, a crude fort of squared logs. This fort would serve as Iberville&#39;s base for additional exploration of the coastal areas. After encounters with English ships on the Lower Mississippi, Iberville ordered Bienville to construct an additional fort. The French occupied Fort de la Boulaye in 1700. The accounts of André Pénicaut, a carpenter traveling with Iberville, reveal that "illnesses were becoming frequent" in the summer heat necessitating a move to higher ground.</p><br>
<p>Pénicaut was with a scouting party that discovered a "spot on high ground" near an Indian village approximately 20 miles (32 km) up the Mobile River. The location provided higher ground than Fort Maurepas and provided the additional benefit of allowing closer contact to the Indians and easier observation of the English traders from the Carolinas. The French located the harbor on Massacre Island and named it Port Dauphin. They began moving the settlement from Fort Maurepas in 1702. Since shallow areas caused by silt from the rivers and a treacherous, shifting bar near Mobile Point made navigation by ocean-going vessels extremely dangerous, supplies were offloaded at Port Dauphin and then transported by smaller boats up the Mobile River.</p><br>
<p>Iberville&#39;s positive assessment of the selected location is apparent from the observations in his journals translated by Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams. Iberville first visited the bluff on March 3, 1702, approximately six weeks after construction of the new settlement had begun:</p><br>
<p>The settlement is on a ridge more than 20 feet above the water, wooded with mixed trees: white and red oak, laurel, sassafras, basswood, hickory, particularly a great many pines suitable for masts. This ridge and all the land about it are exceedingly good.</p><br>
<p>Writing about land north of the settlement, Iberville observed:</p><br>
<p>I have found the land good all along, the banks being flooded in some places. The greater part of the banks is covered with cypress trees, which are very fine, tall thick, straight. All the islands, too, are covered with cypresses, oaks, and other trees.</p><br>
<p>He also found the area to be well-suited to agricultural development:</p><br>
<p>Above the settlement, I have found almost everywhere, on both banks, abandoned Indian settlements, where one has only to settle farmers, who will have no more to do than cut canes or reeds or bramble before they sow.</p><br>
<h3>Founding of Mobile and Fort Louis de la Louisiane</h3><br>
<p>Charles Levasseur, a skilled draftsman with knowledge of the Mobile area, designed and built the new fort at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. The square fort, equipped with cannons on each corner, enclosed residential buildings for soldiers and officers, a house utilized as a chapel, and a warehouse. Behind Fort Louis de la Louisiana, a village (commonly called "La Mobile") was laid out in a grid pattern.</p><br>
<p>In 1704, Nicolas de la Salle conducted a census which revealed additional details regarding the settlement and its occupants. The structures identified in the census comprised a guardhouse, a forge, a gunsmith shop, a brick kiln, and eighty one-story wooden houses. The occupants included 180 men, 27 families with ten children, eleven Native American slave boys and girls, and numerous farm animals.</p><br>
<h3>The struggle to survive and expand</h3><br>
<p>Coureurs de bois from Canada avoided agricultural labor while the settlers were often unfamiliar with farming. In order to compensate for this lack of capabilities, slavery was utilized at La Mobile. Initially, native slaves were utilized for the clearing of land and tilling of fields. By 1710, the population of La Mobile included 90 Indian slaves and servants. Ultimately, the Indians proved physically and temperamentally unsuitable for the work resulting in the importation of African slaves.</p><br>
<p>Due to wars (particularly the War of the Spanish Succession) and English control of the seas, communications between Mobile and Paris were tenuous. For a 3-year period of time, Mobile received no supply ships from France. Although Mobile had experienced difficulties in establishing successful farming, local agriculture was necessary to sustain the colony. In order to prevent starvation, hunting and fishing were often necessary. Occasionally, the French resorted to purchasing food from the Spanish in Pensacola (to which they had loaned supplies) or in Havana.</p><br>
<p>Although the Mobilian Indians were friendly, other Indian tribes, such as the Alabama tribe, frequently attacked the fort as well as hunting or scouting parties. Primarily through the efforts of Henri de Tonti, the French became adept with Indian diplomacy. Bienville used entertainment and gifts to purchase Indian loyalty and to establish an alliance against the English. In 1700, the French signed an alliance with the Choctaw tribe. In 1702, the French were able to temporarily reconcile the Choctaws and Chickasaws just before the resumption of hostilities between the English and French. Additionally, the French interacted with the Apalachee, Tomeh, Chato, Oumas, and Tawasa tribes. The interaction was detrimental to the regional Indian population which dropped from 5,000 in 1702 to 2,000 in 1711 due primarily to smallpox and other diseases introduced by the colonists.</p><br>
<p>Iberville left the region for the last time in June 1702.</p><br>
<p>He subsequently recommended to the French government that one hundred "young and well-bred" women be sent to Mobile to marry the Canadians and increase the population by bearing children. In 1704, the women (selected from orphanages and convents) along with more soldiers and supplies departed La Rochelle aboard the Pélican. After a harrowing trip across the Atlantic Ocean, passengers were infected with yellow fever in Havana. As the feverish and sick began to die, the Pélican arrived at Massacre Island. The "twenty-three virtuous maidens," later to become known to history as "casquette girls", and their chaperones, "two grey nuns", finally arrived at Fort Louis. Their arrival was not "the glorious occasion that either the inhabitants of Mobile or the young women from Paris had envisioned". The young women were not prepared for the primitive wilderness. The hierarchy of French society remained present, as social prejudices in the settlement, and prevented development of the cooperative spirit necessary for success under the conditions of the colony. Missing the luxuries of France (such as French bread) and resenting the realities of the colony (such as cornbread), the women engaged in a "Petticoat Revolution" that "taxed Bienville&#39;s patience and ingenuity." However, the French government continued to send women to boost the population. The women were often referred to as "casquette girls" in reference to the small trunks called "cassettes" in French, in which some of the women brought their possessions.</p><br>
<p>The yellow fever epidemic claimed the lives of both Charles Levasseur and Henri de Tonti. The deaths represented a great loss to Bienville and the settlement. Upon the death of Iberville to yellow fever in Havana in July 1706, Bienville became governor of Louisiana at the age of 27. Although he had only spent a total of 25 days in the settlement, the death of Iberville was a blow to the colony since he had represented the concerns of Louisiana in Europe and was able to win concessions for the struggling town from the French court.</p><br>
<p>After Ibervilles death, Jérôme Phélypeaux de Maurepas de Pontchartrain, minister for North American colonial affairs under Louis XIV, received complaints from Henri Roulleaux de La Vente, curé of Old Mobile, and Nicolas de La Salle, keeper of the royal warehouse, regarding questionable trading practices of the Le Moyne brothers to the detriment of the colony. Based on the accusations, Pontchartrain appointed Nicolas Daneau, sieur de Muy as the new governor of Louisiana and Jean-Baptiste-Martin Dartaguiette dIron as a special commissioner to investigate the charges. The new governor died at sea before reaching Mobile. Although Dartaguiette dIron did reach Mobile, he was unable to substantiate the charges against the Le Moyne brothers and Bienville remained in charge of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>By 1708, Bienville realized the growing threat of the English to the French colony. They had successfully isolated the Spanish settlement at Pensacola by destroying the Indian tribes allied with the Spanish. It appeared that the English would soon advance in a similar manner against the French. In the first week of May 1709, the threat reached its peak when the Alabama tribe, allied with the English, attacked a village of the Mobilian tribe thirteen miles (21 km) north of Old Mobile. The Mobilians were able to drive the attacking Alabama tribe away, however.</p><br>
<p>The occupants of the settlement began to complain about its location. Particularly, they felt that the settlement was too far from the bay and that the land was too poorly drained, requiring several weeks after each rain for the standing water to drain.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment of Old Mobile site</h3><br>
<p>In 1710, an English privateer from Jamaica captured Port Dauphin, confiscated the supplies, food, and deer skins, looted the citizens, burned the houses and sailed away. Fort Louis received the news by canoe several days later. The possibility of moving the fort closer to the bay and abandoning the vulnerable Port Dauphin were discussed.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1711, a flood rushed into Fort Louis forcing soldiers and citizens to seek safety in the trees. The houses of the settlement were submerged to the top of their roofs for nearly a month.</p><br>
<p>Bienville selected the location where the river meets the bay and surveyed a town. It was once theorized that soldiers and colonists dismantled houses and the fort and moved the timber and supplies down the river. However, archaeological evidence now indicates that all excavated structures were burned in place. By the middle of 1712, the relocation was complete. Gradually, La Mobile reverted to wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>La Mobile</h2><br>
<p>At its peak the town of Old Mobile (La Mobile) had a population of approximately 350 inhabitants occupying between 80 and 100 structures. City plans from 1702 and 1704-1705 reveal widely dispersed houses set on large lots arranged in a grid pattern. Iberville and Levasseur divided the land into large square blocks approximately 320 feet by 320 feet (97.5 m by 97.5 m). These blocks were further subdivided into lots of various sizes and shapes. The plots were generally assigned to the inhabitants based on their occupation or role in the colonial town. For example, carpenters occupied a district on the northwest side, Canadians and voyageurs lived toward the western outskirts, and administrative personnel and officers were grouped in close proximity to the fort or within the fort. A large market square with a well was located at the southwest corner of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Louis de la Louisiane</h2><br>
<p>Fort Louis de la Louisiane served as the political, military, and religious center of the settlement. The fort housed the residences of Bienville and his officers and soldiers as well as a chapel and several other structures.</p><br>
<p>A detailed description of Fort Louis can be found in the narrative of André Pénicaut:</p><br>
<p>This fort was sixty toises square. At each of the four corners there was a battery of six pieces of cannon which, protruding outside in a half circle, covered the sector in front and to right and left. Inside, within the curtains, were four fronts of buildings fifteen feet back from the curtains behind them. These buildings were to be used as chapel, as quarters for the commandant and the officers, as warehouses, as guardhouse. So, in the midst of these buildings there was a place d&#39;armes forty-five toises square.</p><br>
<p>The fort bastions were constructed using pièce-sur-pièce techniques. In pièce-sur-pièce construction, timbers with tenons (projections) cut on each end are laid atop one another horizontally. The tenons are inserted into vertical grooves in periodically spaced vertical posts (coulisse). The fort was surrounded by a palisade fence. Due to the damp conditions of the site, wooden structures rotted quickly necessitating replacement of the bastion timbers and palisade posts at approximately five-year intervals. By 1705, Bienville noted that the rotting wood of the fort made firing of the cannons unsafe. To prepare for the coming conflict with the English, the fort was repaired in 1707. Within a year, however, the bastions of the fort were severely rotted and could barely support the weight of the cannons. As the English threat intensified, the size of the fort was increased by a third so that it could accommodate all of the residents of Old Mobile and the surrounding allied Indian tribes.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology of the Old Mobile Site</h2><br>
<h3>Location of the Old Mobile Site</h3><br>
<p>Until the later part of the 20th century, the precise location of the Old Mobile Site was not known. Maps and plans from the Bibliothèque nationale and the Archives nationales in France provided strong evidence that the site was located at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. However, local parties argued that the location was near the mouth of Dog River.</p><br>
<p>Based on maps from the Archives nationales and local probate records, Peter Hamilton, author of Colonial Mobile (1910), concluded correctly that the site was located at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. He claimed locating the well and finding bullets, crockery, large-headed spikes, and a brass ornament at the site. During a visit to the site in 1902, Carey Butt, a colleague of Peter Hamilton, suspected he had located the powder magazine of Fort Louis. Based on the maps and the claims of Butt, the Iberville Historical Society erected a monument at the site in 1902 during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the founding of Mobile.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological projects and surveys</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, the University of Alabama under the direction of Donald Harris conducted the first archaeological survey of the site. The survey lasted for a two-week period in a location immediately north from the monument. Harris unearthed a foundation which he incorrectly attributed to Fort Louis. In addition, Harris located Indian pottery and small iron cannonballs.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the 1970s, the Old Mobile Research Team was founded. James C. "Buddy" Parnell formed the group with friends and fellow employees of Courtaulds Fibers, a company which owned a portion of the suspected Old Mobile site. Members of the team determined that Donald Harris had been exploring the incorrect location. Based on clues from aerial photographs and French maps, the team located a house of the former settlement in February 1989. Other artifacts including fragments of dinnerware, clay pipe stems, and bricks were discovered during this effort.</p><br>
<p>In May 1989, the Old Mobile Project was formed as a community effort involving Mobile County, the city of Mobile, and the University of South Alabama. Funding for the project came from the private sector, university startup funds, the Alabama Historical Commission, the Bedsole Foundation, the Mitchell Foundation, the Alabama Legislature, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation. The landowners of the Old Mobile Site (Courtaulds Fibers, DuPont, Alabama Power Company) permitted excavation on the site. In June 1989, excavation of the site began under the direction of Gregory A. Waselkov. Although previous efforts had helped to establish the precise location of the site, the surveys related to the Old Mobile Project yielded the most archaeological records of the Old Mobile site.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological record of Old Mobile Site</h3><br>
<p>Extensive shovel testing was utilized to determine the extent of the site and to locate structures of the settlement. From 1989 to 1993, approximately 20,000 shovel tests were performed at intervals of thirteen feet (4 m). Since extensive excavation began in 1989, the locations of more than 50 buildings and the approximate boundaries of Old Mobile have been identified.</p><br>
<p>Buildings were constructed using both poteaux-en-terre and poteaux-sur-sole techniques. In poteaux-en-terre construction, wooden posts are placed vertically into the ground. The gaps remaining between the posts were filled with a mixture of mud or clay and Spanish moss or hay. The mixture can be supplemented with small rocks. The walls are bound by a top plate and protected with plaster or siding. In poteaux-sur-sole construction, the floor of the building is elevated through the use of a bottom sill. The sill was formed by laying the wooden members directly on the ground. The elevation of the floor provided an airspace that minimized damage from moisture and insects. Since the conditions of the site were damaging against wooden structures, the poteaux-sur-sole structures would have been advantageous since their sill members could be more easily replaced than the wooden posts of a poteaux-en-terre structure. Exterior trenches suggest that palisade fences were used around some of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1989, the archaeologists of the Old Mobile Project excavated a house site located near the western edge of the site. The house, believed to have been occupied by French Canadians, was a long narrow building consisting of a parlor flanked by two bedrooms with a fenced garden or animal pen at one end. The only remaining features of the house were the footing trenches used for wall sills, clay floors, and brick rubble remaining from a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>During the 1990 field survey, the location of a blacksmith shop was identified by the discovery of large quantities of iron scrap, slag, coal, and charcoal.</p><br>
<p>These excavations have also recovered thousands of artifacts. Originally utilized as a "property identifier," a lead seal dated 1701 with the name of the "Company of Indies of France" and a fleur-de-lis provided evidence that the location of the settlement had been properly identified.</p><br>
<p>Among other items discovered at the site included construction materials (fired wall clay known as bousillage, roof tiles), dishware (French faience, Mexican majolica, Chinese porcelain, kettle fragments, wine glasses), weaponry (French gun flints, lead shot, gun and sword parts), clothing remnants (brass and silver buttons, shoe and clothing buckles), currency (French and Spanish coins, glass trade beads),</p><br>
<p>and ceremonial items (catlinite fragments from the bowl of a ceremonial pipe.).</p><br>
<p>The Giant Forest, famed for its giant sequoia trees, is within Sequoia National Park. This montane forest, situated at over 6,000 ft above mean sea level in the western Sierra Nevada of California, covers an area of 1,880 acre. The Giant Forest is the most accessible of all giant sequoia groves, as it has over 40 mi of hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>Five of the ten most massive trees on the planet are located within the Giant Forest. The largest of these, the General Sherman tree, measures 36.5 ft across the base. The giant sequoia tree is the most massive species of tree on earth, and one of just five tree species documented to grow to 300 feet in height (the others are Coast Redwood, Eucalyptus Regnans, Douglas fir, and Sitka Spruce). It is also among the longest-lived of all trees on the planet.</p><br>
<h2>The area</h2><br>
<p>Giant Forest is close to Crystal Cave, Moro Rock and Crescent Meadow.</p><br>
<p>The western trailhead of the High Sierra Trail which crosses the Sierra Nevada to Mount Whitney is at the Crescent Meadow parking area.</p><br>
<p>Ponderosa, Jeffrey, Sugar, and Lodgepole pine trees are common here, as well as white and red fir. Visitors often see mule deer, Douglas squirrel, and American black bear. The National Park Service warns visitors not to leave any food in unattended vehicles because bears may break in to steal food.</p><br>
<h2>Giant Forest Village</h2><br>
<p>The giant sequoia trees are first encountered on the approach from the south at Giant Forest Village - a small cluster of buildings that is dwarfed by the surrounding trees. Some of the sequoias have become unstable due to root damage caused by building development and hence visitor services in this area have been reduced, including transfer of lodging to Wuksachi Village, 7 mi north. The sequoia forest extends mainly east of the village, and is accessed by a 3 mi side road plus many interconnecting foot trails. These range from 1 to 5 mi in length, leading to various named individual trees and clusters of particular importance. The area is generally quite sheltered and receives high rainfall, which is one reason why the sequoia attain such size, but these conditions are also ideal for mosquitoes, which are abundant in the forests most of the year. These provide the only real hazard - the paths are generally quite level and well shaded from the sun.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Once the home of nearly 300 buildings, the region now has four, with no commercial activity. It is a designated "day use" area. The Giant Forest Lodge Historic District was designated in 1978, encompassing the main area of development in the Giant Forest grove. The development was demolished between 1995 and 2000, with day use features moving to the nearby Giant Forest Village-Camp Kaweah Historic District, which was itself extensively altered, and overnight visitor services moving to Wuksachi Village. The area within the grove was restored to nearly natural conditions, allowing the use of fire for forest management and the germination of new sequoia seedlings.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The forest can be reached from Fresno by State Route 180 or from Visalia by State Route 198. The Generals&#39; Highway connects Giant Forest to Kings Canyon National Park and the General Grant Grove, home to the General Grant tree among other giant sequoias.</p><br>
<h2>Noteworthy trees</h2><br>
<p>Some of the trees found in the grove that are worthy of special note are:</p><br>
<p>* General Sherman: In 1931 this tree was established to be the largest living thing in the world, therefore, also the largest tree in the world. It has a volume of 52,508 cubic feet (1,487 cubic meters). The top of the Sherman is a dead limb that at one time served as a leader branch. Its largest limb is around 7 ft in diameter. The second-largest tree in the world, the General Grant, is located about 27 miles away in Kings Canyon National Park.</p><br>
<p>* President: Recent measurements by arborists who climbed up into the crown of the tree and rappelled down through the limbs have discovered that the President Tree is actually bigger than the General Grant Tree and is even beginning to rival the General Sherman Tree as the world&#39;s largest.</p><br>
<p>* Chief Sequoyah: Just uphill from the President tree is the massive and very impressive Chief Sequoyah. This tree is one of the most startlingly rugged trees in the forest.</p><br>
<p>* Lincoln (tree): This is the fourth largest tree at 44,471 cubic feet (1,259 cubic meters)</p><br>
<p>* Franklin (tree): Although it is the eighth-largest tree in the world, this tree has been largely ignored, perhaps because it is in such a massive grove with many other large specimens. This tree has a huge fire scar on one side and a very large diameter.</p><br>
<p>* Monroe: The tenth-largest tree in the world.</p><br>
<p>* General Pershing: The lower trunk is massive and the top is a tapering dead snag.</p><br>
<p>* Column Tree: About 100 yd from the General Pershing is another large sequoia. Its lack of taper makes it the fourteenth-largest giant sequoia.</p><br>
<p>* Adams Tree: From about 90 ft up, the trunk is very irregular with many limb buttresses and lots of foliage. The top is a maze of limbs.</p><br>
<p>* Cleveland Tree: One of the 40 largest giant sequoias.</p><br>
<p>* Washington Tree: Once the second-largest tree in the world, a fire in 2003 and snowstorm in 2005 cost it most of its trunk and size, and it is no longer exceptional.</p><br>
<p>* Hamilton: A large tree with a volume of 32,783 cuft.</p><br>
<p>* Near Ed by Ned: Another tree with an impressive lower trunk, it was measured in 1997 at a volume of 30,333 cuft.</p><br>
<p>* Hazelwood Tree: A large tree that, although reduced by half due to lightning damage, is still alive.</p><br>
<p>Cyrrhus  was a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great&#39;s generals. Other names for the city include Hagioupolis, Nebi Huri , Khoros . A false etymology of the sixth century connects it to Cyrus, king of Persia due to the resemblance of the names. The former Roman/Byzantine bishopric is now a double Catholic titular see.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Its ruins are located in northern Syria, near the Turkish border.</p><br>
<p>It lies about 70 km northwest of Aleppo and 24 km west of Killis, in Turkey. Cyrrhus was the capital of the extensive district of Cyrrhestica, between the plain of Antioch and Commagene.</p><br>
<p>The site of the city is marked by the ruins at Khoros, 20 km from Azaz, Syria, standing near the river Afrin Marsyas River, a tributary of the Orontes, which had been banked up by Bishop Theodoret.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cyrrhus in Syria was founded by Seleucus Nicator shortly after 300 BC, and was named after the Macedonian city of Cyrrhus. It was taken by the Armenian Empire in the 1st century BC, then became Roman when Pompey took Syria in 64 BC. By the 1st century AD, it had become a Roman administrative, military, and commercial center on the trade route between Antioch and the Euphrates River crossing at Zeugma, and minted its own coinage. It was the base of the Roman legion Legio X Fretensis. The Sassanid Persian Empire took it several times during the 3rd century.</p><br>
<p>In the 6th century, the city was embellished and fortified by Byzantine Emperor Justinian. It was however taken by the Muslims in 637 and known at that time under the name of Qorosh and later by the Crusaders in the 11th century. Nur ad-Din Zangi recaptured it in 1150. Muslim travelers of the 13th and 14th century report it both as a large city and as largely in ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The city has been excavated by the Lebanese Syrian Archaeological Mission of Cyrrhus. Initial results indicate a square layout with Hippodamian grid road plan and a central main road with Colonnades typical of the Hellenistic east. The road layout seems to have survived until into the Islamic times.</p><br>
<p>Remains in Cyrrhus include two Roman s in working order, a dilapidated theatre outside the town and foundations of a Basilica church and some city fortifications.</p><br>
<p>In the 6th century a Byzantine citadel was built on the top of the hill behind the theatre. with evidence of Greek and Egyptian influences in the design work.</p><br>
<p>This citadel is still largely unexcavated.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Cyrrhus became a Christian bishopric at an early date, a suffragan of Hierapolis Bambyce, capital and metropolitan see of the Roman province of Euphratensis. Under Justinian, it became an autocephalous ecclesiastical metropolis subject directly to the Patriarch of Antioch but without suffragans. Its bishop Syricius was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The Arian Abgar (Latinized as Abgarus or Augarus) was at the Council of Seleucia (360). Theodoret mentions as another Arian a bishop called Asterius of the time of the Roman Emperor Valens (364–378). Isidorus attended the First Council of Constantinople in 381. The most celebrated of the bishops of Cyrrhus is Theodoret himself (423-458), a prolific writer, well known for his rôle in the history of Nestorianism, Eutychianism, and Marcionism. He tells us that his small diocese (about forty miles square) contained 800 churches, which supposes a very dense population. In 476, a bishop named Ioannes held a synod against Peter the Fuller. At the close of that century the bishop was a Nestorian named Sergius, who was replaced by another of the same name who was of the directly opposite theological opinion, being a Jacobite, and was deposed by Emperor Justin I in 518. Michael the Syrian lists 13 other Jacobite bishops of the see.</p><br>
<p>A magnificent basilica held the relics of Saints Cosmas and Damian, who had suffered martyrdom in the vicinity about 283, and whose bodies had been transported to the city, whence it was also called Hagioupolis. Many holy personages, moreover, chiefly hermits, had been or were then living in this territory, among them Saints Acepsimas, Zeumatius, Zebinas, Polychronius, Maron (the patron of the Maronite Church), Eusebius, Thalassius, Maris, James the Wonder-worker, and others. Bishop Theodoret devoted an entire work to the illustration of their virtues and miracles.</p><br>
<h3>Residential (Arch)Bishops of Cyrrhus</h3><br>
<p>The city was taken in the early 11th century by the Crusaders who made new Bishopric, dependent on Edessa under the name Coricié.</p><br>
<h3>Titular sees</h3><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Cyrrhus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see,in two different rite-specific traditions, in the apostolic succession of the Byzantine archdiocese.</p><br>
<h4>Latin titular see</h4><br>
<p>Established no later then as Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus (Latin) / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Latins</p><br>
<p>It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, of the fitting Archepiscopal rank with an Episcopal (lowest) exception:</p><br>
<p>Carolus Polodig, Teresian Carmelites (O.C.D.) (1713.12.23 – death 1714.07.07), no actual prelature</p><br>
<p>Titular Bishop: John Wallace (1720.04.30 – death 1733.06.30) (born Scotland, UK), Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Scotland (Scotland) (1720.04.30 – 1727.07.23), Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Lowland District of Scotland (Scotland) (1727.07.23 – 1733.06.30)</p><br>
<p>Ignazio Nasalli-Ratti (Italian), (1819.12.17 – 1827.06.25), later Cardinal-Priest of S. Agnese fuori le mura (1827.09.17 – death 1831.12.02)</p><br>
<p>Luca de Cigalla (1832.07.27 – 1847.02.12), first while Bishop of Santorini (insular Greece) (1828.12.15 – 1847.02.12 ?not possessed), then as Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Constantinopole (Ottoman Turkey) (1832.07.27 – 1847.02.12 not possessed)</p><br>
<p>Loudovico of St. Teresa Martini, O.C.D. (Italian) (1845.09.30 – death 1883.07.12) while Apostolic Vicar of Verapoly (British India) (1844.12.07 – 1855.11.10) and as emeritus; previously Titular Bishop of Europus (1839.06.07 – 1845.09.30) as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly (1839.06.07 – succession 1844.12.07)</p><br>
<p>Nikolaus Adames (1883.11.02 – death 1887.02.13) as emeritus: previously Titular Bishop of Halicarnassus (1863.03.27 – 1870.09.27 as Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Luxembourg (native Luxembourg) (1848.05.07 – 1863.03.27) and (promoted) last Vicar Apostolic of Luxembourg (Luxembourg) (1863.03.27 – 1870.09.27); next (see promoted) first Bishop of Luxembourg (1870.09.27 – retired 1883.09.27)</p><br>
<p>Louis-André Navarre, Sacred Heart Missionaries (M.S.C.) (born France) (1888.08.17 – death 1912.01.17) first as Apostolic Vicar of Melanesia (insular Papua New Guinea) (1887.05.17 – 1889.05.10), then as Apostolic Vicar of New Guinea (mainland Papua New Guinea) (1889.05.10 – 1908.01) and as emeritus; previously Titular Bishop of Pentacomia (1887.05.17 – 1888.08.17)</p><br>
<p>Ludovít Szmrecsányi (1912.03.26 – 1912.08.20) (born Slovakia) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Archdiocese of Eger (Hungary) (1912.03.26 – succession 1912.08.20); previously Titular Bishop of Magyddus (1904.11.14 – 1912.03.26) without actual prelature; later Metropolitan Archbishop of above Eger (1912.08.20 –death 1943.01.28)</p><br>
<p>Joaquim José Vieira (1912.11.08 – 1917.07.08)</p><br>
<p>Vilmos Batthyány (1920.12.16 – 1923.11.24)</p><br>
<p>Serafino Cimino, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1924.12.18 – 1928.05.04)</p><br>
<p>Gennaro Cosenza (1930.01.02 – 1930.03.20)</p><br>
<p>Archbishop-elect Giuseppe Pizzardo (1930.03.28 – 1930.04.22) (later Cardinal)</p><br>
<p>Ferdinando Fiandaca (1930.08.01 – 1941.02.18)</p><br>
<p>Juan José Aníbal Mena Porta (1941.06.14 – 1949.02.25)</p><br>
<p>Silvestro Patrizio Mulligan, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1950.08.16 – 1950.10.23)</p><br>
<p>Eris Norman Michael O’Brien (1951.01.11 – 1953.11.16)</p><br>
<p>Guilford Clyde Young (1954.10.10 – 1955.09.20)</p><br>
<p>Louis Ferrand (1956.04.17 – 1956.10.28)</p><br>
<p>Mário de Miranda Villas-Boas (1956.10.23 – 1959.06.20)</p><br>
<p>José Rafael Pulido Méndez (1961.01.16 – 1966.11.22)</p><br>
<h4>Maronite titular see</h4><br>
<p>No later then 1896 was established the Antiochene rite Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) Maronitarum (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Maronites.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 it was suppressed, having had only these incumbents, both of the fitting Archiepiscopal (intermediate) rank and without actual prelature :</p><br>
<p>Joseph Estefan (1896.09.24 – death 1915.07.04)</p><br>
<p>Elia Scedid (1926.06.21 – death 1950.01.18) (born Lebanon).</p><br>
<p>Garden Court is a neighborhood in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located west of Spruce Hill, north of Cedar Park, east of Cobbs Creek, and south of Walnut Hill.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, The Philadelphia Inquirer called Garden Court "the most exclusive location in West Philadelphia." Garden Court was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1984. The neighborhood contains a diverse mix of housing types, including the 116-unit Garden Court Condominiums. It is a racially mixed neighborhood. Income and property values are greater than those of West Philadelphia as a whole.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is mostly residential, but contains small rows of shops around the intersections of 48th and Spruce, and 47th and Pine.</p><br>
<p>Breadth: East to 46th Street, west to 52nd Street, north to Locust Street, south to Cedar Ave</p><br>
<p>Auldbrass Plantation or Auldbrass is located in Beaufort County, South Carolina, near the town of Yemassee. The name is a variation of "Old Brass" which was the name given to the farmland and the local river landing. The earliest records from the farm are dated to 1736 when the farm was known as Mount Pleasant. An industrial engineer, C. Leigh Stevens, joined five parcels of land together along the Combahee River to form the plantation.</p><br>
<p>The main house, stable complex and kennels were designed and built by Frank Lloyd Wright from 1940–1951. Wright is credited with changing the name to "Auldbrass". The plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It was purchased in 1986 by film producer Joel Silver after Donna Butler, a FLW real estate appraiser, convinced him to restore it. Auldbrass Plantation is an extraordinary example of historic preservation and is open to the public one weekend every two years, most recently November 7–8, 2015. Tours benefit the Beaufort County Open Land Trust.</p><br>
<p>Hartsop above How is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells. It stands above Brothers Water and the Ullswater–Ambleside road.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Although properly the long north-east ridge of Hart Crag, Alfred Wainwright accorded Hartsop above How the status of a separate fell in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here. The name, with the middle word uncapitalised, is that used on Ordnance Survey maps and has wide support in guidebooks, although it is sometimes hyphenated. Wainwright states that the local name for the fell is Gill Crag.</p><br>
<p>A three-mile ridge of high ground branches off north-east from the Fairfield horseshoe at Hart Crag. It turns gradually more northward, resembling a billhook in plan. To the north is Deepdale, a long curving valley with a marshy and rather dismal character. The southern boundary of Hartsop above How is formed by Dovedale, a valley of woodlands and waterfalls. Both dales meet the main valley of Kirkstone/Goldrill Beck which flows north through Patterdale to Ullswater.</p><br>
<p>Hartsop above How has a number of knolls along its length, the principal tops being above Gill Crag—the summit—and Gale Crag (1,679 ft). The ridge is generally grassy, but with considerable rock outcropping, particularly on the Deepdale side. The main faces here are Bleaberry Knott, Gale Crag, Holly Crag and Erne Nest Crag. Gill Crag, The Perch and Black Crag loom above Dovedale. A stone wall follows the crest almost as far as the summit.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the Dovedale face and continuing round above Brothers Water is Low Wood. This is an expanse of native woodland. Within the woodland are the remains of Hartsop Hall Mine. This was a lead mine operating at least as far back as the 17th century and closing in 1942. Four levels were driven northward into the fellside of Hartsop above How, but the production of ore was never significant.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit carries a small cairn on grass. The view is good with the craggy heads of Deepdale and Dovedale in close-up.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The only practicable line of ascent for walkers is along the ridge, either from the end at Deepdale Bridge, or cutting up the southern side from Cow Bridge and Brothers Water. A path follows the crest and continues across peaty ground toward the rocky top of Hart Crag.</p><br>
<p>Piirissaar ) is an Estonian island located in Lake Peipus. It belongs to Tartu County as the Piirissaare Parish.</p><br>
<p>Piirissar is the largest island in Lake Peipus with a size of 7.8 km². It is located c. 15 km from the mouth of the Emajõgi river. Piirissaar is located c. 1 – 2 meters above the water level in Lake Peipus.</p><br>
<p>The island was first permanently settled during the Great Northern War by a group of Orthodox Old Believers seeking to escape the religious reforms of Moscow Patriarch Nikon and trying to avoid enrollment in the military. Most of the island&#39;s inhabitants still belong to this confession. The inhabitants of Piirissaar are diligent gardeners and vegetable growers, especially onion growers.</p><br>
<p>The German Luftwaffe inflicted major damage on the island in February 1944.</p><br>
<p>There are three villages on the island, Piiri, Saare and Tooni. The number of inhabitants has dropped from c. 700 in 1920 to 86 by 2006. The remaining inhabitants are mostly occupied by fishing and cultivation of onions.</p><br>
<p>Piirissaar has been a nature preserve as part of the Natura 2000 programme since 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Millers River is a 52.1 mi river in northern Massachusetts, originating in Ashburnham and joining the Connecticut River just downstream from Millers Falls, Massachusetts. The river was formerly known as Paquag or Baquag, a Nipmuc word meaning "clear water".</p><br>
<p>Sections of the river are used for whitewater kayaking, and a section upriver is popular with flatwater racers (canoe racing).</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Millers River drains a total area of about 390 square miles, about 313 square miles of which are in Massachusetts, with the remainder in New Hampshire. About 78 percent of the basin is forested, 11 percent is open land, 8 percent is wetland, and 3 percent contains urban areas. The watershed is made up of all or part of 17 municipalities, with a population of approximately 87,000 people. Population centers are concentrated around Gardner, Athol, and Orange.</p><br>
<p>Many wetlands in the basin indicate areas of former shallow lakes and ponds that have gradually been filled. There are a total of 107 lakes and ponds in the basin, 72 of which have an area of 10 acre or more. Only one lake, 592 acre Lake Monomonac in Winchendon, Massachusetts, and Rindge, New Hampshire, is larger than 500 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The Millers River formed at the end of the last glacial period when several glacial lakes joined and, eventually, drained into the Connecticut River. The river&#39;s headwaters are in Ashburnham and Winchendon, Massachusetts, and the headwaters of the North Branch are in Mountain Pond, at the western foot of the Wapack Range in New Ipswich, New Hampshire.</p><br>
<h2>Course and connecting waterways</h2><br>
<p>The North Branch and the main stem of the river join in Winchendon, and the river flows westward to the Connecticut River. Major tributaries of the Millers River are Tarbell Brook, which enters about two miles west of Winchendon Center, the Otter River, which enters in Winchendon in Otter River State Forest, and the Tully River, which enters in Athol. These tributaries flow mainly through wetlands. Overall, the Millers River has a moderate gradient, averaging about 18 feet/mile from the headwaters area to the USGS streamflow-gaging station at Erving, a stream distance of about 43 mi.</p><br>
<p>However, a 5 mi reach of the Millers River through a wooded area between South Royalston and Athol (the "Bear&#39;s Den") has an average gradient of about 43 feet/mile, which is about five times the average for rivers in Massachusetts, and some of the most rugged and steep terrain of the state&#39;s central upland. The gradient of the tributary Otter River averages about 18 feet/mile for a distance of about 11.5 mi, and that of the East Branch Tully River, the major tributary of the Tully River, averages about 52 feet/mile over a distance of about 13 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Flood control</h2><br>
<p>The Birch Hill Dam is a flood control dam located on the Millers River in South Royalston, Massachusetts. It is a part of a network of flood control dams on tributaries of the Connecticut River. Completed in 1941 at a cost of US$4 million, Birch Hill Dam was one of the first dams the Army Corps of Engineers built in New England to prevent floods like those that devastated Athol and Orange in 1936 and 1938. It has a storage capacity of 16.3 e9USgal.</p><br>
<p>The Reservoir Regulation Team (RRT) is the "nerve center" for the New England flood control dams such as Birch Hill Dam. Using radio and satellite communications, RRT constantly monitors river levels and weather conditions that influence flood control decisions. Corps personnel, in conjunction with RRT, regulate the amount of water released downstream by raising or lowering the four 6 ft by 12 ft gates located in the gatehouse at the dam. In a time of high water, the gates are lowered in order to hold back the water, only to be released when downstream river conditions begin to recede. In April 1987, two storms dropped over 6 in of rain, raising the water level to over 33 ft at the dam, utilizing 80% of the storage capacity. It is estimated that Birch Hill Dam prevented over $9 million in damages to downstream property from this one storm.</p><br>
<p>Nat Ma Taung , is the highest mountain in the Chin State of western Burma. Located in 3 Townships - Kanpatlet, Mindat and Matupi, Mount Victoria is part of the Chin Hills range. The park is administered by the Department of Forestry and Environment.</p><br>
<p>With a height of 3,053 m above sea level and a prominence of 2,231 m, Nat Ma Taung is one of the ultra prominent peaks of Southeast Asia. The White-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae) is a bird endemic to this mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Nat Ma Taung lies in the Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests ecoregion. Surrounded at lower elevations by tropical and subtropical moist forests, Nat Ma Taung&#39;s higher elevations form a sky island, home to many temperate and alpine species typical of the Himalaya further north, as well as many endemic species.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is now protected within Nat Ma Taung National Park, established in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The base of this national park can be reached either via Kanpetlet Township (easy access) or via Mindat Township, the latter is not easy as the road is incomplete. The only public transport that reaches the base of the mountain is a four-WD jeep that plies between Soe and mountain base via kanpetlet in the dry season. The road up to the lodge after Kanpetlet town is sealed and beyond is an earthen tract. The tract is not navigable even by a 4-WD in the wet season due to severe damage by storm water. The tract is the main access to about 20 villages near the base of the mountain. At the base of the mountain, one tract leads to villages, the centre tract leads to the peak, and the other one traverses to Mindat Township and then on to Soe Township. Due to tract damage, tourists, many national and few international, visit the mountain mainly in the dry season. The tract is navigable by a 4-WD car all the way to the peak.</p><br>
<p>The peak is unique for the presence of trees, bushes and grass, which have adapted to the environment.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is "protected" by words only. Many activities that hinder the natural beauty and its bio-diversity are taking place unabated. The park is virtually not managed as there are no security personnel, park wardens and the like. One main threat that is affecting the bio-diversity of this national park is bush fire ignited by the action of local people. Trees were seen burning even on top of the mountain in 2014 May. The second issue tarnishing the beauty of the mountain is accumulation of litter, paper, cartons, cans, plastic, polythene and cans. The visitors are not provided with any instructions on what not to do within the park. There is no admission fee. The number of visitors to the peak is unknown. Foreign visitors during the year are about 100 whereas large number of local people visit the peak almost daily in the dry season.</p><br>
<p>The people living in all villages are poor. Basic services such as education, health and water supply are extremely poor. There are opportunities that could provide potential employment to local people especially the youth through promotion of eco-tourism. The engagement of youth as tourist guides will also help protect this beautiful mountain by educating the public as well as making them to be vigilant over destructive activities that are taking place at present. The development of eco-tourism is also seen as a potential vehicle to develop remote villages hugged within the park.</p><br>
